Public Health Policy and Outbreak Response on Nipah Virus Research Library

Improving clinical care of patients in Nipah outbreaks: moving beyond ‘compassionate use’

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Md Zakiul Hassan, Amanda Rojek, Piero Olliaro, Peter Horby

Year: 2024

Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100527

Summary#

This paper discusses strategies to improve the clinical care for patients in Nipah outbreaks, focusing on enhancing early case detection, optimizing supportive care, adopting a syndromic approach, and exploring innovative trial designs. The goal is to better equip healthcare systems in Nipah-endemic regions to manage current and future outbreaks.

A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Olivier Uwishema, Jack Wellington, Christin Berjaoui, Kamsi Olivia Muoka, Chinyere Vivian Patrick Onyeaka, Helen Onyeaka

Year: 2022

Journal: Annals of Medicine and Surgery

Summary#

This paper discusses the recent re-emergence of Nipah virus (NiV) in India’s Kozhikode district, causing the death of a 12-year-old boy. The authors aim to suggest recommendations to contain and mitigate the severe impact of the virus on affected populations.

Key Findings#

There was a recent re-emergence of Nipah virus in India’s Kozhikode district, causing a death.
The authors aim to suggest recommendations to contain and mitigate the impact of the virus.

Methodology#

Geographic Focus: India’s Kozhikode district
Time Period: September 5, 2021

Topics#

Nipah virus, Outbreak

A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit/risk assessment for a soluble glycoprotein vaccine to prevent disease caused by Nipah or Hendra viruses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: John H. Eldridge, Michael A. Egan, Demetrius Matassov, Stefan Hamm, Luz Hermida, Tracy Chen, Marc Tremblay, Susan Sciotto-Brown, Rong Xu, Antony Dimitrov, Emily R. Smith, Marc Gurwith, Robert T. Chen

Year: 2021

Journal: Vaccine

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx or null

Summary#

A protein vaccine for Nipah and Hendra viruses is under clinical evaluation in a Phase 1 study. The paper discusses the standardized template to describe key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of this type of vaccine.

Community willingness to participate in a Nipah vaccine trial in Bangladesh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Nazmun Nahar, Shahana Parveen, Emily S. Gurley, Probir Kumar Ghosh, Ishrat Jabeen, Md. Rifat Haidar, Farhat Jahan, Mohammad Saeed Munim, Kanij Fatema Chanda, Md. Wazed Ali, Zubair Akhtar, Tahmina Shirin, Sayera Banu, Atique Iqbal Chowdhury, Asraful Alam, Brian E. Dawes, Joan Fusco, Thomas P. Monath, Gray Heppner, Stephen P. Luby

Year: 2025

Journal: Vaccine

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx

Summary#

This paper explores people’s knowledge about Nipah virus and their willingness to participate in a vaccine trial in Bangladesh.

Understanding and addressing the global impact: A systematic review and cross-sectional bibliometric analysis of Langya henipavirus and preexisting severe henipaviruses

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jian-Di Li, Yu-Qing Liu, Rong-Quan He, Zhi-Guang Huang, Wan-Ying Huang, Hong Huang, Zhi-Hong Liu, Gang Chen

Year: 2025

Journal: Journal of Infection and Public Health

Summary#

This paper provides an overview of the scientific landscape, highlights research focus areas, and outlines potential future investigations on Langya henipavirus. It was done via a systematic review and bibliometric analysis over the past two decades.

Key Findings#

Henipavirus research has increased at an annual rate of 8.82% over the past two decades
The United States leads in research output, with the Australian Animal Health Laboratory as the top institution
Most articles are published in the Journal of Virology, identified as the most influential journal
Current research focuses on ‘zoonosis’, ‘vaccine’, and ‘pathogenesis’
Future areas may include ‘molecular docking’, ‘immunoinformatics’, ‘climate change’, ‘antibodies’, ‘vaccines’, ‘glycoprotein’, and ‘ephrin-b2’

Methodology#

Study Type: Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Time Period: 1995-2022

Topics#

Henipavirus, Research Output, United States, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Journal of Virology, Wang LF, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Pathogenesis, Molecular Docking, Immunoinformatics, Climate Change, Antibodies, Vaccines, Glycoprotein, Ephrin-b2

Henipaviruses: an expanding global public health concern?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jorge Quarleri, Verónica Galvan, M. Victoria Delpino

Year: 2022

Journal: GeroScience

DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00670-9

Summary#

This paper reviews the pathogenicity and interaction with the human immune system of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and various mammalian species.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses that cause severe disease outbreaks in humans with mortality rates reaching up to 90%.
There are no approved treatment modalities for NiV and HeV, which can infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

The rising threat of Nipah virus: a highly contagious and deadly zoonotic pathogen

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Arindam Ganguly, Saptarshi Mahapatra, Shibsankar Ray, Sayantan Chattopadhyay, Md. Jabiul Islam, Sathi Garai, Tapas Kumar Dutta, Manasi Chattaraj, Sourav Chattaraj

Year: 2025

Journal: Virology Journal

DOI: 10.1186/s12985-025-02728-4

Summary#

This paper reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and modes of transmission of Nipah virus infection, its geographical distribution, and endemic regions.

Key Findings#

NiV is a highly virulent zoonotic infectious agent that poses a significant threat to public health.
The virus can spread via different routes, including zoonotic spillover and human-to-human transmission.
Clinical manifestations include mild respiratory illness and severe and fatal encephalitis with a case fatality rate of 40 to 75%.
NiV has been reported in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India, with fruit bats serving as natural reservoirs.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Clinical

A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Nahar, Asaduzzaman, Sultana, Garcia, Paul, Abedin, Sazzad, Rahman, Gurley, Luby

Year: 2017

Journal: BMC Research Notes

DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1

Summary#

This paper measures the cost of an intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh and estimates the cost of scaling it up in districts where spillover has been identified.

Key Findings#

$30,000 for ’no raw sap’ intervention
$55,000 for ‘only safe sap’ intervention
Highest cost was conducting meetings and interpersonal communication efforts
Lowest cost was broadcasting public service announcements on local TV channels
Scaling up a similar intervention in 30 districts would cost between $2.6 and $3.5 million

Methodology#

Study Type: Intervention Study
Sample Size: Not specified
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh
Time Period: 2012–2014

Topics#

Nipah Virus Infection, Behavior Change Communication Intervention, Prevention, Cost Analysis, Bangladesh

A review of the nipah virus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sumit Paliwal, Suneet Shinu, Rubina Saha

Year: 2024

Journal: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00666-5

Summary#

This paper reviews the Nipah Virus (NiV), an emerging zoonotic disease primarily found in Southeast Asian regions with the highest number of cases in Bangladesh and India. The virus has a high fatality rate and there is no approved treatment or vaccine.

Key Findings#

Nipah Virus (NiV) was first discovered in Malaysia in 1999
Pteropus fruit bats are the natural reservoirs for NiV
The highest number of cases is in Bangladesh, with a fatality rate of 65%
The highest mortality has been observed in India at 73%
There is no approved treatment or vaccine for NiV

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Southeast Asian regions

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy

Possible high risk of transmission of the Nipah virus in South and South East Asia: a review

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jagadish Joshi, Yogendra Shah, Kishor Pandey, Ram Prashad Ojha, Chet Raj Joshi, Lok Raj Bhatt, Shyam Prakash Dumre, Pushpa Raj Acharya, Hem Raj Joshi, Shikha Rimal, Ramesh Shahi, Deepak Pokharel, Kamal Singh Khadka, Bimal Dahal, Saroj Nepal, Ram Singh Dhami, Krishna Prasad Pant, Rajdip Basnet, Basu Dev Pandey

Year: 2023

Journal: Tropical Medicine and Health

DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00535-7

Summary#

This paper reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular surveillance, transmission dynamics, genetic diversity, reservoir host, clinical characteristics, and phylogenetics of Nipah virus in South and South East Asia.

Controlling Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh: Policy options

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jasmine Dhillona, Arinjay Banerjee

Year: 2015

Journal: Journal of Public Health Policy

DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2015.13

Summary#

This paper discusses policy options for controlling Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh due to consumption of bat-contaminated date palm sap.

Key Findings#

Yearly seasonal outbreaks of NiV have occurred in Bangladesh since 2003 with high case fatality rates.
Primary transmission is believed to be from consumption of bat-contaminated date palm sap (DPS).
Investigations and preventive strategies face social and cultural challenges.
The paper presents community approaches to control Nipah encephalitis, along with advantages and disadvantages of each.
This information may be useful for health workers and policymakers in Southeast Asia.

Methodology#

Study Type: Case Study
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh
Time Period: 2001-2005

Topics#

Nipah virus, Epidemiology, Policy

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a metaanalysis and systematic review

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Kai Yuan, Yi-Miao Gong, Lin Liu, Yan-Kun Sun, Shan-Shan Tian, Yi-Jie Wang, Yi Zhong, An-Yi Zhang, Si-Zhen Su, Xiao-Xing Liu, Yu-Xin Zhang, Xiao Lin, Le Shi, Wei Yan, Seena Fazel, Michael V. Vitiello, Richard A. Bryant, Xin-Yu Zhou, Mao-Sheng Ran, Jie Shi, Lin Lu

Year: 2021

Journal: Molecular Psychiatry

DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x

Summary#

This paper provides a reliable estimate of the worldwide prevalence of PTSD after large-scale pandemics and associated risk factors, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The study includes data on SARS, H1N1, Poliomyelitis, Ebola, Zika, Nipah, MERS-CoV, H5N1, and COVID-19.

Pandemic potential of the Nipah virus and public health strategies adopted during outbreaks: Lessons from Kerala, India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Thekkumkara Surendran Anish ID1,2‡, Reghukumar Aravind ID3‡, Chandni Radhakrishnan4‡, Nivedita Gupta ID5‡, Pragya D. Yadav ID6‡, Jerin Jose Cherian ID5,7‡*, Rima Sahay ID6‡, Shubin Chenayil ID8‡, Anoop Kumar A. S. ID9‡, Anitha Puduvail Moorkoth ID10‡, Ashadevi, Velichapat Ramakrishnan Lathika, Shamsudeen Moideen ID12, Sekhar Lukose Kuriakose ID13, Kalathil Joseph Reena11‡, Thomas Mathew14‡

Year: 2024

Journal: PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH

Summary#

This review highlights the relevance of surveillance and health system preparedness, infection control, early diagnosis and treatment with broad-spectrum antivirals, environmental conservation, and community engagement in mitigating Nipah outbreaks. It also emphasizes the importance of developing new biologicals and anti-viral drugs to combat the disease.

Smart policy changes can quell deadly Nipah virus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Thekkumkara Surendran Anish

Year: 2024

Journal: Not specified in the text

Summary#

A paper discussing the need for smart policy changes to prevent and manage Nipah virus outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of early detection systems and infection control protocols.

Key Findings#

Four Nipah spillover events in Kerala, India since 2018 with a fatality rate of 40–75%
The strain in Kerala’s outbreaks originated from Bangladesh in 2001 and could potentially spread in southeast Asia
Nipah virus mainly spreads in hospitals due to close contact with infected individuals

Methodology#

Study Type: Case Study
Sample Size: Not specified
Geographic Focus: [‘India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, southern China, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka’]
Time Period: 2001-2023

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Policy

Nipah Virus Outbreaks in Kerala: An Impending Doom?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Vivek Sanker, Faheem Vellekkat, Tirth Dave

Year: 2024

Journal: Health Science Reports

Summary#

This paper explores ongoing challenges associated with Nipah virus transmission in Kerala, focusing on environmental factors, healthcare responses, and shifts in clinical manifestations. It highlights the need for proactive management strategies to prevent future outbreaks.

Key Findings#

Recent outbreaks have shown atypical respiratory presentations, complicating early detection.
The virus’s clustering within specific regions and the emergence of a new genotype underscore the need for enhanced surveillance.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: May 2018 to September 2023

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Outbreak prone communicable diseases of public health importance in the northern districts of West Bengal – Current status & the way forward

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Puran Kumar Sharma, Rina Tilak

Year: 2021

Journal: Indian J Med Res

DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_607_21

Summary#

This paper discusses the current status of outbreak-prone communicable diseases in the northern districts of West Bengal, focusing on malaria, Japanese encephalitis, scrub typhus, dengue, kalaazar, and Nipah virus. It emphasizes the need for multisectoral initiatives, understanding human-animal-vector dynamics, and strengthening healthcare setup.

Key Findings#

The northern districts of West Bengal are endemic areas for many outbreak-prone communicable diseases.
An outbreak of Nipah virus in the recent past is a pointer towards emerging and re-emerging threats in these regions.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: [‘Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar and Darjeeling, West Bengal’]

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy, Ecology

Concern over Nipah virus cases amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic in India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Abdullahi T. Aborode, Andrew A. Wireko, Aashna Mehta, Toufik Abdul‐Rahman, Esther P. Nansubuga, Mrinmoy Kundu, Manas Pustake, Qasim Mehmood, H. Tillewein

Year: 2022

Journal: Journal of Medical Virology

DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27745

Summary#

This letter discusses the concern over Nipah virus cases in India during the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of specific pharmacological treatment for Nipah virus.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus is a zoonotic infection that can be transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or via bodily secretions such as bat blood, saliva, and urine.
The virus affects the central nervous system in human hosts, causing inflammation of brain parenchyma (encephalitis) and respiratory symptoms.
Nipah virus has been designated a global epidemic by the WHO due to its high fatality rate, highly contagious nature, potential for human exposure, and lack of a vaccine.
The diversity of surroundings and hosts may further accelerate the mutation rate of RNA viruses, explaining new cases in pandemics such as COVID-19.

Methodology#

Study Type: Letter to the Editor
Geographic Focus: India

Topics#

Nipah virus, Zoonotic infections, Epidemiology, Public health

Langya henipavirus: Is it a potential cause for public health concern?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Shania Sanchez, Hinh Ly

Year: 2023

Journal: VIRULENCE

DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2154188

Summary#

A new virus, Langya henipavirus (LayV), has been identified in China and has infected 35 individuals as of August 2021, causing respiratory symptoms but no known human fatalities. LayV is genetically related to Nipah and Hendra viruses, which can cause fatal human diseases.

Key Findings#

LayV has infected 35 individuals in China as of August 2021
LayV causes respiratory symptoms but no known human fatalities
LayV is genetically related to Nipah and Hendra viruses

Methodology#

Study Type: Editorial
Geographic Focus: Shandong and Henan provinces in China
Time Period: April 2018 to August 2021

Topics#

Viruses, Epidemiology

Lessons from the pandemic: Responding to emerging zoonotic viral diseases—a Keystone Symposia report

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jennifer Cable, Anthony Fauci, Dennis A. Bente, William E. Dowling, Pragya Dhruv Yadav, Stephan Günther, Lawrence C. Madoff, Lin-Fa Wang, Rahul K. Arora, Maria Van Kerkhove, May C. Chu, Thomas Jaenisch, Jonathan H. Epstein, Simon David William Frost, Daniel G. Bausch, Lisa E. Hensley, Éric Bergeron, Ioannis Sitaras, Michael D. Gunn, Thomas W. Geisbert, César Muñoz-Fontela, Florian Krammer, Emmie de Wit, Pontus Nordenfelt, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, Luis M. Branco, Sylvain Baize, Neeltje van Doremalen, Marco A. Krieger, Renske Hesselink, Dan Hartman, Sarah C. Gilbert, Sue Ann Costa Clemens

Advancing the frontiers: Revolutionary control and prevention paradigms against Nipah virus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Fredmoore L. Orosco

Year: 2023

Journal: Open Veterinary Journal

DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.1

Summary#

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest control and prevention strategies against Nipah virus, focusing on vaccine development, antiviral drug discovery, early diagnosis, surveillance, and high-level biosecurity measures.

Key Findings#

Advancements in vaccine research hold promise for preventing NiV infections.
Antiviral drugs like remdesivir, ribavirin, and favipiravir have the potential to inhibit NiV replication.
Early diagnosis through molecular and serological assays plays a crucial role in timely detection.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Virology, Vaccines, Antivirals

Nipah virus: a re-emerging public health concern

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2024

Journal: The Lancet Microbe

DOI: 10.1016/[DOI not provided in text]

Summary#

The paper discusses the re-emergence of Nipah virus, a highly virulent RNA virus, causing widespread zoonotic illnesses. It mentions recent outbreaks in various countries including India and Bangladesh, and the lack of licensed vaccines or specific medications for the virus.

Key Findings#

Largest known outbreak of Nipah virus disease occurred in Kerala, India in 2023 with a high fatality rate
Approximately half of the cases in Kerala involved human-to-human transmission
Viral strains in India and Bangladesh have more potential for human-to-human transmission than the Malaysian virus isolates
No licensed vaccines or specific medications for Nipah virus

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and other countries
Time Period: 1998-present

Topics#

Virus Outbreaks, Public Health, Zoonotic Diseases

Therapeutics for Nipah virus disease: a systematic review to support prioritisation of drug candidates for clinical trials

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Xin Hui S Chan, Ilsa L Haeusler, Bennett J K Choy, Md Zakiul Hassan, Junko Takata, Tara P Hurst, Luke M Jones, Shanghavie Loganathan, Elinor Harriss, Jake Dunning, Joel Tarning, Miles W Carroll, Peter W Horby, Piero L Olliaro

Year: 2024

Journal: Review

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx

Summary#

This paper reviews the safety and efficacy of therapeutic options for Nipah virus disease to prioritize drug candidates for further evaluation in clinical trials, suggesting trialling 1F5, m102.4, and remdesivir (alone or in combination) for prophylaxis and early treatment.

Progress and challenges in Nipah vaccine development and licensure for epidemic preparedness and response

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sol Kim, Hyolim Kang, Laura Skrip, Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Ausraful Islam, Sung-Mok Jung, Juan F. Vesga, Akira Endo, W. John Edmunds, Kaja Abbas

Year: 2025

Journal: Expert Review of Vaccines

DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2476523

Summary#

This paper reviews the progress and challenges in developing vaccines for Nipah virus, a high-consequence pathogen with no available vaccines or therapeutics.

Methodology#

Study Type: Perspective

Topics#

Vaccine Development, Nipah Virus

Relevance#

This paper is important for understanding the challenges in developing vaccines against Nipah virus, which can aid in preparedness and response efforts.

Emerging Nipah Virus With Pandemic Potential and High Mortality Rates: Is the Scientific Community Learning From Former Pandemics?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Doris Klingelhöfer, Markus Braun, Christina A. Naser, Dörthe Brüggmann, David A. Groneberg

Year: 2025

Journal: Reviews in Medical Virology

Summary#

This paper reviews the global research history and status quo of Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic single-stranded RNA virus that could potentially trigger a pandemic. The study shows a significant correlation between the number of articles on NiV and the economic strength or intensity of financing per country, but finds a comparatively low scientific commitment in major player countries and knowledge gaps in NiV infectiology.

Research on emerging infectious diseases: pros and cons of centralised government controls

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2024

Journal: Indian J Med Ethics

DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2024.016

Summary#

This paper discusses the benefits and drawbacks of centralized government control in research on emerging infectious diseases, focusing on the case study of Nipah virus research in Kerala.

Key Findings#

A centralised administrative structure may introduce bureaucratic delays
Centralised control enables better coordination and collaboration
Potential for overly rigid administrative frameworks can stifle innovation
Concentrating administrative control in the hands of government raises concerns about potential misuse of power

Methodology#

Study Type: Letter
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India

Topics#

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Government Oversight, Research Ethics

Experiential learnings from the Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala towards containment of infectious public health emergencies in India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Rima R. Sahay, Pragya D. Yadav, Chandni Radhakrishnan, Nivedita Gupta, Anita M. Shete, Ganesh Mohan, Nikhilesh Menon, Tarun Bhatnagar, Suma Krishnasastry, Abhijeet V. Kadam, Ullas P. T., Anu Kumar B., Sugunan A. P., Sreekala V. K., Raman R. Gangakhedkar, Devendra T. Mourya

Year: 2020

Journal: Epidemiology and Infection

DOI: 10.1017/S0950268820000825

Summary#

This paper describes the response and control measures taken by the Indian Council of Medical Research and Kerala State Government to contain a Nipah virus outbreak in Ernakulam district, India.

Emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia in the period 2011–2022: a systematic literature review

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Thanh Trung Nguyen, Thi Ngan Maia, Fred Ungerb, Hu Suk Leeb, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet

Year: 2024

Journal: Veterinary Quarterly

DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300965

Summary#

This paper conducts a systematic literature review of the prevalence of emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia from 2011 to 2022.

Key Findings#

Emerging zoonotic diseases were found to be prevalent across Southeast Asia
Poultry-related zoonotic diseases, particularly in Cambodia and Vietnam, were identified as high priority

Methodology#

Study Type: Systematic Review
Sample Size: N/A (Review of studies on pigs, poultry, ruminants, companion animals, and wildlife)
Geographic Focus: Southeast Asia
Time Period: 2011–2022

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical

Current progress towards prevention of Nipah and Hendra disease in humans: A scoping review of vaccine and monoclonal antibody candidates being evaluated in clinical trials

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Valerie Rodrigue, Nicole E. Basta, Katie Gravagna

Year: 2024

DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13979

Summary#

This paper reviews clinical trials for vaccine and monoclonal antibody candidates designed to prevent Nipah and Hendra diseases in humans.

Key Findings#

Three vaccine candidates (Hendra Virus Soluble Glycoprotein Vaccine [HeV-sG-V], PHV02, and mRNA-1215) and one mAb (m102.4) have registered human clinical trials.
All trials are phase 1, dose-ranging trials taking place in the United States of America or Australia and enrolling healthy adults.

Methodology#

Study Type: Scoping Review
Geographic Focus: [‘United States of America’, ‘Australia’]
Time Period: Up to June 2023

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Major zoonotic diseases of public health importance in Bangladesh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sukanta Chowdhury, Mohammad A. Aleem, Md Shafiqul I. Khan, Mohammad Enayet Hossain, Sumon Ghosh, Mohammed Z. Rahman

Year: 2021

Journal: Veterinary Medicine and Science

DOI: 10.1002/vms3.465

Summary#

This paper reviews major zoonotic diseases that have caused outbreaks in humans in Bangladesh, such as Nipah virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza.

Key Findings#

More than 300 human cases of Nipah virus infection have been reported since the first outbreak in 2001
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused more than 550 poultry outbreaks, and eight human cases have been reported since 2007

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ka Y. Yuen, Natalie S. Fraser, Joerg Henning, Kim Halpin, Justine S. Gibson, Lily Betzien, Allison J. Stewart, *

Year: 2021

Journal: One Health

Summary#

This paper reviews Hendra virus epidemiology, presents a biosecurity protocol for veterinary clinics, and describes diagnostic tests currently available and under development.

Key Findings#

No HeV vaccinated horse has tested positive for HeV infection
Future spillover events are predicted to move further south and inland in Queensland and New South Wales

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Queensland and New South Wales, Australia

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Nipah Virus Disease: Recent Perspective and One Health Approach

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Monil Singhai, Manju Bala, Ruchi Jain, Sujeet Singh, Sarika Jain, Rajeev Goyal

Year: 2021

Journal: Annals of Global Health

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3431

Summary#

The paper presents a summary of the re-emergence and response to Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala, India in 2018 and 2019. It highlights the involvement of various stakeholders in managing the outbreak and advocates for the ‘One Health approach’ in public health.

Key Findings#

Lab-confirmed NiV samples were collected from outbreak sites
A multidisciplinary response mechanism helped understand the importance of One Health approach
Existing surveillance systems were utilized for streamlined response

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: 2018 and 2019

Topics#

Epidemiology, Public Health, Virology, Policy

Beyond the Headlines: Why Henipaviruses Warrant Our Attention

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Biplab Adhikari

Year: 2025

Journal: Acta Medica (Hradec Králové)

DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2025.11

Summary#

This paper discusses the significance of henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses) as zoonotic threats with high mortality rates and limited therapeutic options. It highlights recent discoveries and the need for expanded research into effective antivirals, vaccines, and enhanced surveillance.

Key Findings#

Henipaviruses (HeV and NiV) have high mortality rates in humans (60% and 92% respectively)
Clinical presentation of henipaviruses can range from mild influenza-like symptoms to severe encephalitis and/or respiratory failure
First reported case of henipavirus was in Australia in 1994, followed by an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998–1999

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Henipaviruses, Zoonotic diseases, Epidemiology, Public health

Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Luigi Bruno, Maria Anna Nappo, Luca Ferrari, Rosanna Di Lecce, Chiara Guarnieri, Anna Maria Cantoni, Attilio Corradi

Year: 2023

Journal: Animals

DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159

Summary#

This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, prevention, and legislation related to Nipah virus infection, focusing on its zoonotic potential in swine. It highlights the severity of the disease in humans and pigs, with respiratory and neurological signs and high mortality.

Key Findings#

NiV is caused by a Henipavirus and primarily infects fruit bats but can also affect domestic animals like pigs, horses, dogs, and cats
The disease can lead to severe symptoms and death in humans and pigs
Human-to-human transmission of NiV has been recorded
Effective treatments and prophylaxis are still a goal due to limited understanding of the infection in humans
Climate change and anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems should be considered as factors contributing to the spread of zoonoses

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy

Scoping future outbreaks: a scoping review on the outbreak prediction of the WHO Blueprint list of priority diseases

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Nils Jonkmans, Valérie D’Acremont, Antoine Flahault

Year: 2021

Journal: BMJ Global Health

DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006623

Summary#

This paper conducts a scoping review on the available evidence for predicting future outbreaks of diseases on the WHO Blueprint list, including Ebola, Marburg virus, Zika virus, Lassa fever, Nipah and Henipaviral disease, Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and Disease X.

Key Findings#

5 major prediction methods emerged; the most frequent being spatio-temporal risk maps predicting outbreak risk periods and locations through vector and climate data.
Stochastic models were predominant. Rift Valley fever was the most predicted disease.

Methodology#

Study Type: Scoping Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Nipah Outbreak: Is it the beginning of another pandemic in the era of COVID-19 and Zika

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Vikram Thakur, Pryanka Thakur, Radha Kanta Ratho

Year: 2022

Journal: Brain Behavior and Immunity

Summary#

This paper discusses the emergence of a Nipah virus case in Kerala, India amidst COVID-19 and Zika outbreaks, and its potential burden on the healthcare system.

Key Findings#

There was a case of Nipah virus encephalitis reported in a 12-year-old boy in Kerala’s Kozhikode hospital
The first identification of NiV was in Malaysia in 1999, with over 260 deaths worldwide since then

Methodology#

Study Type: Case Study
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: December 2019 - September 5, 2021

Topics#

Nipah Virus, COVID-19, Zika Virus

Clinical Medicine 2022 Vol 22, No 4: 348–52 - Review of Nipah virus encephalitis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ali M AlamA

Year: 2022

Journal: Clinical Medicine

Summary#

This paper reviews Nipah virus encephalitis, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis endemic to southeast Asia and the western Pacific. The review discusses its transmission, clinical presentation, and importance for UK clinicians to consider in returning travellers.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus causing fatal encephalitis
It can be transmitted by fruit bats, through intermediate animal vectors, and human-to-human spread
Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India, and Bangladesh with high case fatality rates
No vaccines or therapeutic management options are available
It has the potential to cause a global pandemic

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Virology | Review: Henipaviruses: epidemiology, ecology, disease, and the development of vaccines and therapeutics

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jessica R. Spengler, Michael K. Lo, Stephen R. Welch, Christina F. Spiropoulou

Year: 2024

Journal: Journal Name (not provided in the text)

Summary#

This paper reviews the epidemiology, ecology, disease, and development of vaccines and therapeutics for Henipaviruses, focusing on Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and their related viruses.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Virology

Relevance#

This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of Henipaviruses, including Nipah virus, which is particularly relevant for understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential treatment options for these viruses.

Recurrent Nipah outbreaks in Kerala: implications for health policy and preparedness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Asuma Ayesha Rahim, Priya Chandran, V. Bindu, Chandini Radhakrishnan, Anitha P. Moorkoth, Lathika Velichapat Ramakrishnan

Year: 2024

Journal: Front. Public Health

DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1356515

Summary#

This paper discusses the epidemiology of Nipah virus infection in Kerala, India, offering insights for future health policies to enhance preparedness for future outbreaks.

Key Findings#

Three out of four outbreaks occurred in a specific geographic belt
Average age of affected individuals was 41 years, with a male predominance
Mean incubation period was 9 days
Transmission primarily occurred within healthcare settings due to lapses in infection prevention and control practices

Methodology#

Study Type: Case Study
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy, Public Health

Praemonitus praemunitus: can we forecast and prepare for future viral disease outbreaks?

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Zoe Sessions, Tesia Bobrowski, Holli-Joi Martin, Jon-Michael T. Beasley, Aneri Kothari, Trevor Phares, Michael Li, Vinicius M. Alves, Marcus T. Scotti, Nathaniel J. Moorman, Ralph Baric, Alexander Tropsha

Year: 2023

Journal: FEMS Microbiology Reviews

DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad048

Summary#

This paper discusses the importance of learning from past pandemics to predict and minimize future viral outbreaks, focusing on viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, DENV, ZIKV, MAYV, LASV, noroviruses, influenza, Nipah virus, hantaviruses, Oropouche virus, MARV, and Ebola virus.

jme-2023-109469

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Source#

Download PDF

Emerging and re-emerging viral infections in India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Mamta Patel, Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nitin Joshi, Nitesh Kumar, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Vidhi Jain, Suman Saurabh, Kamlesh Patel

Year: 2021

Journal: J Prev Med Hyg

Summary#

The number of outbreaks of viral infections like Nipah, Zika, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, Kyasanur Forest Disease, and currently COVID-19 have been increasing in India for many years. There is a need for better surveillance, disease burden assessments, understanding vector biology, mapping endemic areas, strengthening intersectoral coordination, improving infection control practices, and ensuring the availability of Personal Protective Equipment’s, drugs, and vaccines.

Newly outbreak of Nipah virus: epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and global health concern

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Md. Rezaul Islam, Puja S. Dhar, Md. Mominur Rahman

Year: 2024

Journal: Not specified in the provided text

DOI: Not specified in the provided text

PMID: Not specified in the provided text

Summary#

The paper discusses the epidemiology, symptoms, transmission methods, diagnostic testing, and treatment of Nipah virus, highlighting its global health concern.

Key Findings#

NiV can cause respiratory problems and neurological symptoms in humans
Humans can contract NiV through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, consumption of contaminated food, or close interaction with infected individuals
The first recorded NiV outbreak occurred via close interaction with sick pigs, with no information on man-to-man transmission
Human-to-human transmission is frequently documented in Bangladesh and India, particularly in healthcare facilities and among the family and care of infected individuals
Various diagnostic techniques can be used to detect NiV, including viral isolation, immunohistochemistry, serological, molecular diagnostic techniques, real-time PCR, genome sequencing

Methodology#

Study Type: Not specified in the provided text
Sample Size: Not specified in the provided text
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh and India
Time Period: Not specified in the provided text

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Clinical, Public Health

Nipah amidst Covid-19 Pandemic – another Re-Emerging Infectious Disease of Pandemic Potential – a Narrative Review

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ariyanachi KALIAPPANa, Vanangamudi KALIAPPANb, Jyothi Tadi LAKSHMIc, S RAJAc, Shalam Shireen NIKHATc, Meena S. VIDYAd, Mallamgunta SARANYAe, Triveni SAGARf, Kesavulu Dara CHENNAf

Year: 2022

Journal: Maedica – a Journal of Clinical Medicine

DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.464

Summary#

This paper is a narrative review discussing the history and recent outbreaks of Nipah virus, focusing on its detection in Kerala with the Malaysian variant.

Key Findings#

The case fatality rate of Nipah virus was almost 40% during the Malaysia outbreak in 1998-1999
All Indian outbreaks have seen person-to-person transmission
The virus found in Kerala differed from those two variants in terms of genetic structure
It also differed by 1.96% from the Bangladesh variant

Methodology#

Study Type: Narrative Review
Geographic Focus: India and Malaysia
Time Period: 1998-2021

Topics#

Viral Outbreaks, Epidemiology, Clinical

Addressing the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks: A call for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2023

Journal: New Microbes and New Infections

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx (not provided in text)

PMID: PMID not provided in the text

Summary#

This paper calls for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness to address the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks in Kerala, India.

Key Findings#

Nipah Virus (NiV) has caused four outbreaks in Kerala since 2018, resulting in six infections and two fatalities.
Human NiV infections range from asymptomatic cases to fatal encephalitis.

Methodology#

Study Type: Not specified (Letter to the Editor)
Sample Size: Not specified
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: 2018-present

Topics#

Nipah Virus, Outbreak, Kerala, Zoonotic

Navigating Nipah virus: Insights, challenges, and recommendations

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Muhammad Hassan Hafeez, Hafsa Ajmal, Amna Nadeem, Shehroze Tabassum, Aymar Akilimali, *

Year: 2025

Journal: New Microbes and New Infections

Summary#

This paper discusses the challenges posed by Nipah virus, a zoonotic pathogen, focusing on its diverse strains, recurrent outbreaks, diagnostic limitations, and the need for therapeutic advancements.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus (NiV) is a biosafety level 4 and category C pathogen belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family and Henipavirus genus
NiV infections range from mild to severe, with an incubation period of 4–14 days and initial symptoms including fever, headache, and respiratory distress
Notably, NiV-MY proves more virulent than NiV-BD, highlighting genotypic variations

Methodology#

Study Type: Mini-Narrative Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Emerging threat: Nipah virus - A call for global preparedness and vigilance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2024

Journal: New Microbes and New Infections

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx

Summary#

The paper discusses the emergence of Nipah virus as a global public health threat, with recent outbreaks in Bangladesh raising concerns. There is currently no specific therapeutic intervention for infected individuals.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus is highly virulent and prone to mutation
First human cases were reported between September 1998 and April 1999 in the Malaysian-Singaporean peninsula, with subsequent outbreaks in various countries
Fruit bats are the natural host of Nipah virus, while pigs may act as domestic animal intermediate amplifying hosts
Three routes of transmission are identified: eating fruit contaminated with NiV, coming into close contact with infected human bodily fluids, or getting in touch with the excretions or secretions of infected animals
A recent outbreak in Bangladesh has resulted in a case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 100%, highlighting the need for research and development of vaccines and treatments

Methodology#

Study Type: Letter to the Editor
Geographic Focus: [‘Malaysia’, ‘Singapore’, ‘India’, ‘Bangladesh’, ‘Philippines’]
Time Period: 1998-2024

Topics#

Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical, Policy

Infectious disease and economics: The case for considering multi-sectoral impacts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Kristine M. Smith, Catherine C. Machala, Richard Seifman, Yasha Feferholtz, William B. Kares, EcoHealth Alliance, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, United Nations Association-National Capital Area, Working Group on Wildlife, World Organisation for Animal Health

Year: 2019

Journal: One Health

DOI: 10.xxxx/100080 or null

PMID: PMID or null

Summary#

This paper argues for considering the wider socioeconomic consequences of infectious disease events beyond traditional public health sectors.

Assessing the feasibility of Nipah vaccine eﬄiciency trials based on previous outbreaks in Bangladesh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Birgit Nikolay, Gabriel Ribeiro dos Santos, Marc Lipsitch, Mahmudur Rahman, Stephen P. Luby, Henrik Salje, Emily S. Gurley, Simon Cauchemez

Year: 2021

Journal: Vaccine

DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.027

Summary#

This paper investigates the feasibility of conducting a phase III Nipah vaccine trial in Bangladesh using simulations based on previous outbreaks.

Key Findings#

Three vaccination study designs were compared: clustered randomized controlled trials (cRCT), stepped wedge trials (SWT) and randomized crossover trials (RxO).
The cRCT design requires the largest sample size but offers the highest statistical power.
The SWT and RxO designs have lower sample sizes but take longer to complete.

Methodology#

Study Type: Simulation Study
Sample Size: Not specified, depends on the study design
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh
Time Period: Previously observed NiV cases

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

A systematic review of case reports on mortality, modes of infection, diagnostic tests, and treatments for Nipah virus infection

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Deekshitha Alla, Dhruv Jayeshkumar Shah, Navaneethan Adityaraj, Moparthi Vagdevi, Sai Santhosha Mrudula Alla, Krithi Sree, Praneeth Aitha, Ram Prasanjith Reddy Bollampalli, Antony Joseph Pathinangil, Krupa Patel, Yussif Issaka

Year: 2024

Journal: Medicine®

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx or null

PMID: PMID or null

Summary#

This paper conducts a systematic review of case reports on Nipah virus infection to examine geographic distribution, mortality, transmission pathways, and available methods for diagnosis and treatment.

Key Findings#

80% frequency of fever, 47% myalgia, 47% headache, 44.1% shortness of breath/acute respiratory distress syndrome, 44.1% altered sensorium, and 42.6% vomiting.
RT-PCR is the most commonly used diagnostic test.
Direct human contact with infected patients is the most common route of transmission.
Treatment modalities include interventional procedures, antiviral drugs, and symptomatic treatment.
Seizures (39.2%) and altered sensorium (35.7%) are the most common complications.

Methodology#

Study Type: Systematic Review
Sample Size: N = 92 cases analyzed from 12 studies
Geographic Focus: Asia
Time Period: Years not specified

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Clinical

Nipah Virus: A Zoonotic Threat Re-Emerging in the Wake of Global Public Health Challenges

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Francesco Branda, *, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Marta Giovanetti, Mattia Albanese, Erica Binetti, Massimo Ciccozzi, Fabio Scarpa

Year: 2025

Journal: Microorganisms

DOI: 10.3390/

Summary#

This paper explores the re-emergence of the Nipah virus in Kerala, India, highlighting its critical concern for health authorities due to high fatality rates and lack of vaccine or curative treatment.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus is a highly lethal and unpredictable pathogen
Transmitted primarily through contact with fruit bats or consumption of contaminated food, as well as direct human-to-human transmission
World Health Organization has classified Nipah as a priority pathogen due to its potential to cause widespread outbreaks and even trigger the next pandemic
Recent outbreaks in India and Bangladesh have exposed the vulnerability of public health systems in containing this virus

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India; global
Time Period: Recent outbreaks in India and Bangladesh

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Public Health, Global Health

Nipah virus: a potential pandemic agent in the context of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: P. Devnath, H. M. A. A. Masud

Year: 2021

Journal: Elsevier Ltd.

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx

Summary#

This paper speculates that the Nipah virus, similar to SARS-CoV-2, could potentially cause a pandemic if not adequately researched due to its high death rate despite causing a low number of infections.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus causes severe disease and has resulted in a higher death rate compared to the number of infections.
The current COVID-19 pandemic is an example of a zoonotic disease that has caused widespread deaths.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Sample Size: Not applicable for review article
Geographic Focus: Global
Time Period: 2019-present

Topics#

Zoonotic Diseases, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2

Piloting the promotion of bamboo skirt barriers to prevent Nipah virus transmission through date palm sap in Bangladesh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Nazmun Nahar, Utpal Kumar Mondal, M. Jahangir Hossain, M. Salah Uddin Khan, Rebeca Sultana, Emily S. Gurley, Stephen P. Luby

Year: 2014

Journal: Glob Health Promot

DOI: 10.1177/1757975914528249

Summary#

The study explores the effectiveness of promoting bamboo skirt preparation and use among sap harvesters in Bangladesh to prevent Nipah virus transmission through date palm sap.

Key Findings#

83% in higher-intensity interventions and 65% in lower-intensity interventions prepared and used a bamboo or other material skirt at least once after intervention.
15% of gachhis consistently used skirts throughout the sap collection season.

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational
Sample Size: 280 person-hours in total
Geographic Focus: Two villages for higher-intensity intervention and two other villages for lower-intensity intervention, Bangladesh
Time Period: November 2008 to March 2009

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sabahat Gazal, Neelesh Sharma, Sundus Gazal, Mehak Tikoo, Deep Shikha, Gulzar Ahmed Badroo, Mohd Rashid, Sung-Jin Lee

Year: 2024

Journal: Pathogens

DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121419

Summary#

This paper discusses Nipah and Hendra viruses, which are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of up to 75%. The authors emphasize the need for research on these viruses due to their extreme pathogenicity, pandemic potential, and lack of established antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.

Henipaviruses—A constant threat to livestock and humans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Susann Kummer, Denise-Carina Kranz

Year: 2022

Journal: PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010157

Summary#

This review highlights the risk of infections with henipaviruses to both livestock and humans, providing a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks, their impact on the economy and health systems.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Relevance#

The paper emphasizes the importance of being vigilant towards emerging viruses and infectious diseases due to their rapid transmission in an increasingly globalized world.

Tackling a global epidemic threat: Nipah surveillance in Bangladesh, 2006–2021

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Syed Moinuddin Satter, Wasik Rahman Aquib, Sharmin Sultana, Ahmad Raihan Sharif, Arifa Nazneen, Muhammad Rashedul Alam, Ayesha Siddika, Fateha Akther Ema, Kamal Ibne Amin Chowdhury, Ahmed Nawsher Alam, Mahmudur Rahman, John D. Klena, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Sayera Banu, Tahmina Shirin

Year: 2023

Journal: PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011617

Summary#

This research paper discusses a hospital-based Nipah sentinel surveillance in Bangladesh that has been ongoing since 2006 to promptly detect Nipah cases and respond to outbreaks.

Saliva: An Overlooked yet Critical Diagnostic Tool in Detection of Nipah Virus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: B. Gayathrie, Parvinder Sharma, Aishwarya Pandey

Year: 2024

Journal: Not specified (Letter to Editor)

Summary#

This paper emphasizes the importance of saliva samples as a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool for Nipah virus detection, enabling earlier detection and intervention.

Key Findings#

Saliva samples offer advantages over conventional methods such as blood, CSF, urine, or nasal swabs due to ease of collection
Studies have demonstrated the presence of Nipah virus RNA in saliva during the acute phase of infection
Saliva-based testing enables earlier detection allowing for prompt intervention and containment measures
Saliva-based testing is cost-efficient and suitable for massive screening projects, especially in environments with limited resources

Methodology#

Study Type: Not specified (Letter to Editor)
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: Not specified

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Diagnostic Tools

Knowledge, Attitudes, Risk Perception, Preparedness and Vaccine Intent of Health Care Providers towards the Nipah Virus in South India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Lauren Himes, Veena Shetty, Sumathi Prabhu, Avinash K. Shetty

Year: 2022

Journal: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040056

Summary#

This paper assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of Nipah Virus (NVD) among healthcare providers in South India. The study found that while most participants were aware of NiV symptoms and primary reservoirs, knowledge gaps existed regarding transmission factors and institutional protocols.

Key Findings#

77.8% of participants had heard of Nipah Virus and associated symptoms
95% identified fruit bats as a primary NiV reservoir
Only 38.7% were aware that drinking date palm sap is a risk factor for transmission
46.4% were aware of any institutional protocol for Nipah Virus
A majority were willing to be vaccinated and recommend the vaccine to patients

Methodology#

Study Type: Survey
Sample Size: 261 participants
Geographic Focus: South India

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical

Nipah Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics and Their Role in Preparedness in Endemic Countries

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Daniele Lapa, Silvia Pauciullo, Hervé Raoul, Delphine Pannetier

Year: 2023

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v15102062

Summary#

This paper provides an overview of the current status of diagnostics for Nipah virus (NiV), a high mortality rate zoonosis. Early diagnosis is crucial to limit outbreaks and provide appropriate care. qRT-PCR is currently considered optimal for acute NiV infection assessment, with different sensitivities depending on the platform used.

Key Findings#

qRT-PCR is the optimum method for acute NiV infection assessment
Nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and blood are used for RT-PCR testing
Different sensitivities have been observed depending on the platform used
An international standard for NiV is yet to be established
The diagnosis of NiV should be included in a more global One Health approach

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Virology, Epidemiology

Nipah Virus: A Multidimensional Update

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Javier Faus-Cotino, Gabriel Reina, Javier Pueyo

Year: 2024

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v16020179

Summary#

This paper provides an update on Nipah virus (NiV), a high mortality zoonotic paramyxovirus responsible for numerous outbreaks in South and South-East Asia. Human infection manifests as encephalitis with high mortality rates, and no therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use.

Key Findings#

NiV is a high mortality zoonotic paramyxovirus
Human infection manifests as encephalitis with high mortality rates
No therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Public Health

Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Evolution, Ecology, and Public Health Strategies in a Changing World

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Francesco Branda, Grazia Pavia, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Giovanni Matera, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Daria Sanna, Marco Casu, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Massimo Ciccozzi, Fabio Scarpa

Year: 2024

Journal: Not specified in the provided text

Summary#

This paper reviews current knowledge on emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, focusing on recently discovered viruses and their potential to cause future epidemics. It explores host-switching events, viral replication strategies, immune evasion tactics, ecological factors influencing virus emergence, public health impact, and the need for enhanced surveillance, improved diagnostic tools, and proactive strategies.

Risk of Nipah Virus Seroprevalence in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Matteo Riccò, Antonio Cascio, Claudio Costantino, Silvia Corrado, Ilaria Zanella, Pasquale Gianluca Giuri, Susanna Esposito

Year: 2025

Journal: Academic Editors: Marc Jamin, Glenn Marsh and Jennifer Barr

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx or null

Summary#

This paper is a systematic review with meta-analysis on Nipah virus infections occurring in healthcare workers, estimating seroprevalence and case fatality ratio.

Key Findings#

Seroprevalence of IgM-class antibodies estimated at 0.00% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.10)
Seroprevalence of IgG class-antibodies estimated at 0.08% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.72)
Case fatality ratio calculated at 73.52% (95%CI 34.01 to 99.74)

Methodology#

Study Type: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Sample Size: Not specified in the provided text
Geographic Focus: Asian countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India (States of Kerala and Bengal), and Philippines
Time Period: Years not specified in the provided text

Topics#

Nipah Virus, Healthcare Workers

Zika, Nipah and Kala-azar: Emerging lethal infectious diseases amid COVID-19 as an escalating public health threat in South India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Utkarsha Uday, Lakshmi Jyothi Tadi, Zarmina Islam, Parvathy Mohanan, Shamas Ghazanfar, Maryam Salma Babar, Sumayya Ismail

Year: 2022

Journal: Annals of Medicine and Surgery

Summary#

This paper discusses the challenges presented by the intersecting outbreaks of Zika, Nipah, and Kala-azar in India amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, and provides recommendations to help alleviate the situation.

Methodology#

Study Type: Narrative Review
Geographic Focus: South India

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy

Relevance#

This paper is relevant for Nipah research as it discusses the challenges and solutions for managing simultaneous outbreaks of Zika, Nipah, Kala-azar, and COVID-19 in South India.

Highly sensitive and quantitative HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles: A platform for rapid antibody neutralization studies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Arathi Rajan, Anuja S. Nair, Vinod Soman Pillai, Binod Kumar, Anupama R. Pai, Bimitha Benny, Mohanan Valiya Veettil

Year: 2024

Journal: Heliyon

DOI: 10.3198/heliyon.31905

Summary#

This paper synthesizes HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles for in vitro BSL-2 handling and rapid antibody neutralization studies.

Key Findings#

The study proposes a simple approach to generate substantial amounts of HiBiT-tagged NiV-VLPs in HEK293T cells.
These VLPs are functionally identical to the native virus and can be used for viral binding, entry, and antibody neutralization assays.
The paper reports that the HiBiT-tag permits quick application of these particles in BSL-2 laboratories.

Methodology#

Study Type: Experimental Study
Sample Size: HEK293T cells

Topics#

Virology, Molecular Biology

Structural and functional analysis of the Nipah virus polymerase complex

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Side Hu, Heesu Kim, Pan Yang, Zishuo Yu, Barbara Ludeke, Shawna Mobilia, Junhua Pan, Margaret Stratton, Yuemin Bian, Rachel Fearns, Jonathan Abraham

Year: 2025

Journal: Cell

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.12.021

Summary#

The paper determines the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Nipah virus polymerase complex and performs structural, biophysical, and functional analyses to understand features critical for RNA replication and transcription. The findings could aid in the development of antivirals.

Key Findings#

Cryo-EM structure of the NiV L-P complex determined
Docking studies with an inhibitor clarify mechanisms of intrinsic NiV L resistance
Palm insert, zinc fingers, and P4 extension are critical for NiV L activity
Intrusion loop plays an essential role in RNA replication

Methodology#

Study Type: Structural analysis/Functional analysis

Topics#

Virology, Pharmacology

Prophylactic protection from lethal henipavirus disease mediated by Nipah-derived defective interfering particles is influenced by challenge virus strain and viral species

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Stephen R. Welch, Jessica R. Spengler, Jessica R. Harmon, JoAnn D. Coleman-McCray, Sarah C. Genzer, Katherine A. Davies, Teresa E. Sorvillo, Florine E. M. Scholte, Sergio E. Rodriguez, Joel M. Montgomery, Stuart T. Nichol, Christina F. Spiropoulou

Year: 2025

Journal: eBioMedicine

DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105897

Summary#

The paper explores the effectiveness of defective interfering particles (DIPs) in reducing clinical signs and lethality of henipavirus infection in Syrian hamsters.

Key Findings#

Prophylactic DIP treatment reduced clinical signs and lethality in Syrian hamsters.
Single or repeated pre-exposure regimens provided protection, while post-exposure treatment was ineffective.
DIPs derived from NiV strain Malaysia were most effective against NiV Malaysia but also provided strong protection against the closely related NiV Bangladesh with certain regimens.
These DIPs offered minimal or no protection against lethality from the more distantly related Hendra virus.

Methodology#

Study Type: Experimental
Sample Size: Syrian hamsters

Topics#

Virus research, Medical countermeasures, Henipaviruses, Nipah virus, Hendra virus

Co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and host immune response trajectories underlie COVID-19 pandemic to epidemic transition

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ranjeet Maurya, Aparna Swaminathan, Uzma Shamim, Smriti Arora, Pallavi Mishra, Aakarshan Raina, Varsha Ravi, Bansidhar Tarai, Sandeep Budhiraja, Rajesh Pandey

Year: 2023

Journal: iScience

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108336

Summary#

The study investigates the differential host-immune kinetics associated with SARS-CoV-2 variants during different time periods of Pre-VOC and VOCs (Delta & Omicron). The findings suggest that Omicron infection is marked by a robust type 1 interferon response, which was largely missing during Pre-VOC and Delta waves. The study highlights the eventual adaptation of host to immune activation patterns that interrupt virus evolution with enhanced immune-evasion mutations and counteraction mechanisms.

Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Hui-Ju Han, Hong-ling Wen, Chuan-Min Zhou, Fang-Fang Chen, Li-Mei Luo, Jian-wei Liu, Xue-Jie Yu

Year: 2015

Journal: Virus Research

Summary#

This paper discusses how bats are reservoirs for several severe emerging infectious diseases, including Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus, MERS coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Hendra virus.

Key Findings#

Bats have special features that allow them to transmit and maintain viruses.
Bats can spill over viruses to intermediate animal hosts, causing human infection.
Humans can also become infected with viruses by aerosol or direct contact with bats.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Bats