Zoonotic Ecology and Spillover Dynamics on Nipah Virus Research Library

Improving clinical care of patients in Nipah outbreaks: moving beyond ‘compassionate use’

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Md Zakiul Hassan, Amanda Rojek, Piero Olliaro, Peter Horby

Year: 2024

Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100527

Summary#

This paper discusses strategies to improve the clinical care for patients in Nipah outbreaks, focusing on enhancing early case detection, optimizing supportive care, adopting a syndromic approach, and exploring innovative trial designs. The goal is to better equip healthcare systems in Nipah-endemic regions to manage current and future outbreaks.

Addressing the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks: A call for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2023

Journal: New Microbes and New Infections

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx (not provided in text)

PMID: PMID not provided in the text

Summary#

This paper calls for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness to address the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks in Kerala, India.

Key Findings#

Nipah Virus (NiV) has caused four outbreaks in Kerala since 2018, resulting in six infections and two fatalities.
Human NiV infections range from asymptomatic cases to fatal encephalitis.

Methodology#

Study Type: Not specified (Letter to the Editor)
Sample Size: Not specified
Geographic Focus: Kerala, India
Time Period: 2018-present

Topics#

Nipah Virus, Outbreak, Kerala, Zoonotic

Highly sensitive and quantitative HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles: A platform for rapid antibody neutralization studies

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Arathi Rajan, Anuja S. Nair, Vinod Soman Pillai, Binod Kumar, Anupama R. Pai, Bimitha Benny, Mohanan Valiya Veettil

Year: 2024

Journal: Heliyon

DOI: 10.3198/heliyon.31905

Summary#

This paper synthesizes HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles for in vitro BSL-2 handling and rapid antibody neutralization studies.

Key Findings#

The study proposes a simple approach to generate substantial amounts of HiBiT-tagged NiV-VLPs in HEK293T cells.
These VLPs are functionally identical to the native virus and can be used for viral binding, entry, and antibody neutralization assays.
The paper reports that the HiBiT-tag permits quick application of these particles in BSL-2 laboratories.

Methodology#

Study Type: Experimental Study
Sample Size: HEK293T cells

Topics#

Virology, Molecular Biology

Surveillance for Nipah virus in Thailand's bat population

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Boonlert Lumlertdacha, Kalyanee Boongird, Sawai Wanghongsa, Lawan Chanhome, Pierre Rollin, Patrick Stockton, Charles E. Rupprecht, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Thiravat Hemachudha

Year: 2004

Summary#

This paper discusses a study conducted in Thailand to survey for Nipah virus (NV) in the bat population. NV antibodies were detected in 82 of 1304 bats, and NV RNA was found in bat saliva and urine, suggesting persistent infection.

Key Findings#

NV antibodies detected in 82 out of 1304 bats
NV RNA found in bat saliva and urine

Methodology#

Study Type: Surveillance study
Sample Size: 1304 bats
Geographic Focus: Thailand (central, eastern, southern)
Time Period: March 2002 to February 2004

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Characterization of TheWe: Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Nipah Virus from Pteropus vampyrus Bats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sohayati A. Rahman, Sharifah S. Hassan, Kevin J. Olival, Maizan Mohamed, Li-Yen Chang, Latiffah Hassan, Norsharina M. Saad, Syamsiah A. Shohaimi, Zaini C. Mamat, M.S. Naim, Jonathan H. Epstein, Arshad S. Suri, Hume E. Field, Peter Daszak

Year: 2016

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

DOI: 10.3201/eid1612.091790

Summary#

The paper isolates and characterizes Nipah virus (NiV) from Pteropus vampyrus bats, the suspected reservoir for a 1998 outbreak in Malaysia. The study provides evidence of viral recrudescence and shows that these bats can harbor latent infections.

Detection of possible Nipah virus infection in Rousettus leschenaultii and Pipistrellus Pipistrellus bats in Maharashtra, India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Year: 2021

Journal: Journal of Infection and Public Health

Summary#

A cross-sectional survey was initiated to study the prevalence of Nipah virus in bats of India by random sampling. During March 2020, two species of bats were trapped and tested for the presence of Nipah virus.

Methodology#

Study Type: Cross-sectional Survey
Sample Size: 65 R. leschenaultii and 15 P. pipistrellus bats
Geographic Focus: Maharashtra, India
Time Period: 2020

Topics#

Nipah Virus, Bat Study, Epidemiology

The deadly drink: Nipah virus transmission through date palm sap, cultural practices and the evolution of behavioral interventions in Bangladesh over two decades

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Dalia Yeasmin, Md Mosabber Hossain, Saleh Haider, Mahbubur Rahman, Md Zakiul Hassan

Year: 2025

Journal: Journal of Infection and Public Health

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx or null (not provided in text)

PMID: PMID not provided in the text

Summary#

The paper discusses Nipah virus transmission in Bangladesh through raw date palm sap consumption, and the challenges in achieving sustainable change due to deep-seated cultural practices. Future efforts should focus on community-led solutions and behavior change communication.

Bats Without Borders: Long-Distance Movements and Implications for Disease Risk Management

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Andrew C. Breed, Hume E. Field, Craig S. Smith, Joanne Edmonston, Joanne Meers

Year: 2010

Journal: EcoHealth

DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0332-z

Summary#

This paper studies the long-distance movements of three species of fruit bats (Pteropus alecto, P. vampyrus, and P. neohibernicus) to determine their potential to transfer zoonotic viruses between countries in Australia, Asia, and surrounding islands.

Key Findings#

Pteropus alecto individuals were observed moving between Australia and Papua New Guinea on four occasions.
Ten observations of Pteropus alecto movements between Papua New Guinea (Western Province) and Indonesia (Papua) were recorded.
Two instances of Torres Strait crossings by Pteropus alecto were observed.
One observation of Pteropus vampyrus moving between Timor-Leste and Indonesia (West Timor) was documented.
These findings expand upon the current literature on the potential for transfer of zoonotic viruses by flying-foxes between countries.

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational
Sample Size: 9 individuals across three species
Geographic Focus: Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Human Exposure to Bats, Rodents and Monkeys in Bangladesh

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ireen Sultana Shanta, Stephen P. Luby, Kamal Hossain, James D. Heffelfinger, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Najmul Haider, Taifur Rahman, Shovon Chakma, Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed, Yushuf Sharker, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, Erin D. Kennedy, Emily S. Gurley

Year: 2023

Journal: EcoHealth

DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01628-9

Summary#

The paper describes the frequency of human exposure to bats, rodents, and monkeys in Bangladesh and identifies geographic and seasonal variations. The study was conducted in a nationally representative sample of households from 1001 communities between 2013-2016.

Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: A. B. Sudeep, Pragya D. Yadav, Mangesh D. Gokhale, R. Balasubramanian, Nivedita Gupta, Anita Shete, Rajlaxmi Jain, Savita Patil, Rima R. Sahay, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Sanjay Gopale, Prachi G. Pardeshi, Triparna D. Majumdar, Dilip R. Patil, A. P. Sugunan, Devendra T. Mourya

Year: 2021

Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05865-7

Summary#

This research paper investigates the presence of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius bats in Kerala, India, following a reported outbreak in June 2019. The study used specialized techniques like real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to test bat samples.

Serological and molecular analysis of henipavirus infections in synanthropic fruit bat and rodent populations in the Centre and North regions of Cameroon (2018–2020)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Cyrille Mbu’u, Pierre Gontao, Abel Wade, Maren Penning, Balal Sadeghi, Aristid Ekollo Mbange, Matthew LeBreton, Sylvain Leroy Sado Kamdem, Franziska Stoek, Martin Hermann Groschup, Wilfred Fon Mbacham, Anne Balkema-Buschmann

Year: 2025

Journal: BMC Veterinary Research

DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04530-4

Summary#

The paper describes a study that investigated the presence of henipaviruses in fruit bats and rodents in Cameroon using serological and molecular analysis. The study found that 3.6% of bat samples had Henipavirus-specific antibodies but no RNA sequences were detected.

Bats and viruses: a death-defying friendship

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Parakriti Gupta, Mini P. Singh, Kapil Goyal, Pande Tripti, Mohd Ikram Ansari, Vinodhkumar Obli Rajendran, Kuldeep Dhama, Yashpal Singh Malik

Year: 2021

Journal: VirusDis.

DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00716-0

Summary#

This paper reviews the role of bats as a reservoir for various viruses including Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Hantavirus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and emerging viruses like Sosuga virus, Menangle, and Tioman virus. It discusses the evolution of these viruses in bats and their transmission to new hosts.

Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans Associated with Drinking Traditional Liquor Made from Date Palm Sap, Bangladesh, 2011–2014

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: M. Saiful Islam, Hossain M.S. Sazzad, Syed Moinuddin Satter, Sharmin Sultana, M. Jahangir Hossain, Murshid Hasan, Mahmudur Rahman, Shelley Campbell, Deborah L. Cannon, Ute Ströher, Peter Daszak, Stephen P. Luby, Emily S. Gurley

Year: 2014

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151747

Summary#

This study investigates three clusters of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh between 2011 and 2014, finding a potential link between drinking fermented date palm sap (tari) and the transmission of the virus.

Nipah Virus Detection at Bat Roosts after Spillover Events, Bangladesh, 2012–2019

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Clifton D. McKee, Ausraful Islam, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Salah Uddin Khan, Mahmudur Rahman, Syed M. Satter, Ariful Islam, Claude Kwe Yinda, Jonathan H. Epstein, Peter Daszak, Vincent J. Munster, Peter J. Hudson, Raina K. Plowright, Stephen P. Luby, Emily S. Gurley

Year: 2024

Journal: Not specified in text

DOI: Not specified in text

PMID: Not specified in text

Summary#

The paper reports investigations at bat roosts near human Nipah cases in Bangladesh from 2012-2019. Nipah RNA was detected in urine samples from 7 out of 23 roosts, and it was detected up to 52 days after a presumed exposure of the human casepatient.

Nipah Virus Exposure in Domestic and Peridomestic Animals Living in Human Outbreak Sites, Bangladesh, 2013–2015

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Ausraful Islam, Deborah L. Cannon, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Salah Uddin Khan, Jonathan H. Epstein, Peter Daszak, Stephen P. Luby, Joel M. Montgomery, John D. Klena, Emily S. Gurley

Year: 2024

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221379

Summary#

This study detected Nipah virus antibodies in cattle, dogs, and cats from six sites where spillover human Nipah infection cases occurred in Bangladesh between 2013 and 2015.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus was detected in domestic and peridomestic animals living near humans with spillover cases in Bangladesh
Three instances of animal contact were associated with human Nipah infections in Bangladesh
Little is known about the transmission mechanisms of henipaviruses into livestock and peridomestic animals in Bangladesh

Methodology#

Study Type: Cross-sectional study
Sample Size: N/A
Geographic Focus: Bangladesh
Time Period: 2013–2015

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Zoonosis

Nipah Virus Detection in Pteropus hypomelanus Bats, Central Java, Indonesia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Dimas Bagus Wicaksono Putro, Arief Mulyono, Esti Rahardianingtyas, Aryo Ardanto, Arum Sih Joharina, Muhammad Choirul Hidajat, Yusnita Mirna Anggraeni, Ristiyanto, Tika Fiona Sari, N.L.P. Indi Dharmayanti, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, R. Tedjo Sasmono

Year: 2024

Journal: Research Letters

DOI: 10.3201/eid3104.241872

Summary#

The paper reports the detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus hypomelanus bats in Central Java, Indonesia, indicating a potential risk for human transmission.

Key Findings#

2 positive bats were detected out of 64 screened
Public health authorities should increase surveillance to prevent human transmission

Methodology#

Study Type: Molecular Screening
Sample Size: 64 Pteropus hypomelanus bats
Geographic Focus: Central Java, Indonesia

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Nipah Virus Antibodies in Bats, the Philippines, 2013–2022

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Yoshihiro Kaku, Shumpei Watanabe, Joseph S. Masangkay, Phillip Alviola, Satoshi Taniguchi, Edison Cosico, Yumi Une, Frances C. Recuenco, Satoko Sugimoto, Kentaro Kato, Shigeru Kyuwa, David Emmanuel M. General, Allen John F. Manalad, Sheryl A. Yap, Hironori Bando, Nanako Isobe, Yui Sakata, Shi

Year: 2024

Journal: RESEARCH LETTERS

Summary#

This research letter reports the detection of Nipah virus antibodies in bats in the Philippines from 2013 to 2022.

Key Findings#

Nipah virus antibodies detected in bats in the Philippines
Research conducted from 2013 to 2022

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational
Sample Size: Not specified
Geographic Focus: The Philippines
Time Period: 2013-2022

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Patterns of foraging activity and fidelity in a southeast Asian flying fox

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Elodie Schloesing, Rémi Chambon, Annelise Tran, Kinley Choden, Sébastien Ravon, Jonathan H. Epstein, Thavry Hoem, Neil Furey, Morgane Labadie, Mathieu Bourgarel, Hélène M. De Nys, Alexandre Caron, Julien Cappelle

Year: 2020

Journal: Movement Ecology

DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00232-8

Summary#

This paper evaluates the influence of environmental and behavioral variables on the foraging patterns of Pteropus lylei (a reservoir of Nipah virus) in a heterogeneous landscape in Cambodia using GPS data.

Key Findings#

Bats performed few foraging bouts during a given night, mainly in residential areas with decreasing duration over the night.
The probability of a bat revisiting a given foraging area within 48 h varied according to the duration previously spent there, its distance to the roost site, and the corresponding habitat type.

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational
Sample Size: 8 P. lylei
Geographic Focus: Cambodia

Topics#

Ecology, Virology

Increased human-animal interface & emerging zoonotic diseases: An enigma requiring multi-sectoral efforts to address

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Falguni Debnath, Debjit Chakraborty, Alok Kumar Deb, Malay Kumar Saha, Shanta Dutta

Year: 2021

Journal: Indian J Med Res

DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2971_20

Summary#

This paper discusses the threats posed by increased human-animal interfaces to human life due to the emergence of zoonotic diseases, using examples like SARS, influenza A/H1N1(09) pdm; MERS; Nipah virus disease; Ebola haemorrhagic fever and COVID-19. It emphasizes the need for multi-sectoral efforts, policy-level adaptation, wildlife protection, community empowerment, and regulation on wildlife products to ensure comprehensive one health practice.

From Bat to Worse: The Pivotal Role of Bats for Viral Zoonosis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Harald Brüssow

Year: 2025

Journal: Microbial Biotechnology

Summary#

This paper discusses the role of bats as pivotal sources for viral zoonosis, providing examples such as Nipah virus transmission in Malaysia and Marburg virus transmission in Africa.

Key Findings#

Bats are viral reservoir species for various virus families.
Bats have evolved mechanisms that tolerate virus replication but suppress the associated pathology, making them healthy carriers for many viruses.
It is speculated that bats excrete highly pathogenic viruses as a defense mechanism against intrusion by mammalian competitors.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Ecology

Cat–wildlife interactions and zoonotic disease risk: a call for more and better community science data

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Tamara SZENTIVANYI, Malik OEDIN, Ricardo ROCHA

Year: 2023

Journal: Mammal Review

DOI: 10.1111/mam.12332

Summary#

The paper discusses the potential of community science and social media to expand understanding of pet-wildlife interactions, using bat–cat data from iNaturalist as a case in point.

Key Findings#

Cats preying on bats were more prevalent in Europe and North America
Evidence of cat–bat interactions was found across geographic regions
Lack of surveillance on cats and other pets as bridging hosts for zoonotic spillover events is concerning

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational/Data Analysis
Geographic Focus: Different geographic regions

Topics#

Ecology, Zoonosis, Community Science

Severe zoonotic viruses carried by different species of bats and their regional distribution

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Zegang Liu, Qinlu Liu, Huifang Wang, Xinsheng Yao

Year: 2024

Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection

DOI: 10.xxxx/xxxxx

Summary#

This paper reviews the profiles of zoonotic viruses carried by bats across various regions globally, providing a foundation for future research on monitoring zoonotic viruses in diverse global regions and bat species.

Key Findings#

Bats host over 4100 distinct viruses, including Ebola virus and SARS-CoV.
Surveys on severe zoonotic virus carriage have been limited to only 83 bat species belonging to nine families.
The paper briefly describes the antibody responses and B-cell molecules in bats.

Methodology#

Study Type: Narrative review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Bat Research

Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Johannes Charlier, Herman W Barkema, Paul Becher, Paola De Benedictis, Ingrid Hansson, Isabel Hennig-Pauka, Roberto La Ragione, Lars E Larsen, Evelyn Madoroba, Dominiek Maes, Clara M Marín, Franco Mutinelli, Alasdair J Nisbet, Katarzyna Podgórska, Jozef Vercruysse, Fabrizio Vitale, Diana J L Williams, Ruth N Zadoks

Year: 2024

Journal: Review

Summary#

This paper reviews 53 infectious diseases in terrestrial animals and suggests that international efforts should focus on Nipah virus infection, African swine fever, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, sheeppox and goatpox, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis for the greatest impact on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Assessing the risk of Nipah virus establishment in Australian flying-foxes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: S. E. ROCHE, S. COSTARD, J. MEERS, H. E. FIELD, A. C. Breed

Year: 2015

Journal: Epidemiol. Infect.

DOI: 10.1017/S0950268813003336

Summary#

The paper assesses the risk of Nipah virus establishing in Australian flying-foxes through their movements from nearby regions, using a qualitative risk assessment and expert opinion workshop.

Key Findings#

The risk was estimated to be very low under the baseline scenario.
Using the mean and linear opinion pooling combination methods increased the risk.

Methodology#

Study Type: Qualitative Risk Assessment with Expert Opinion Workshop
Geographic Focus: Australia and its neighbors

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Zoonosis

Trends in Bacterial Pathogens of Bats: Global Distribution and Knowledge Gaps

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Tamara Szentivanyi, Clifton McKee, Gareth Jones, Jefrey T. Foster

Year: 2023

Journal: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

DOI: 10.1155/2023/9285855

Summary#

This paper describes the distribution of potentially zoonotic bacterial genera in bats using published presence-absence data.

Key Findings#

Bartonella, Leptospira, and Mycoplasma are the most frequently detected bacterial genera in bats.
Other bacterial genera such as Anaplasma, Brucella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Francisella, Neorickettsia, and Rickettsia are occasionally found in bats.
Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Pteropodidae are most frequently reported as hosts of bacterial pathogens. However, at least one bacterial genus was confirmed in all 15 bat families tested.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: 58 countries and four overseas departments and island states

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology

Seroprevalence of Nipah virus and related paramyxoviruses in native frugivorous bats, Luzon, Philippines

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Marana S. Rekedala, Mary-Glazel Noroñac, Jairue Azel P. Caféc, Neil Mittala, Sophie A. Borthwick, Kirk J. Taraya, Jezryl Jaeger L. Garcia, Samantha L. Magsano, Hazel R. Cruze, Dorothy Jane Manzano, Lianying Yana, Dolyce H. W. Low, David T. S. Hayman, Mary Grace Dacumae, Catalino Demetriac, Phillip A. Alviola, Fedelino F. Malbasc, Gavin J. D. Smith, Eric D. Laing

Year: 2025

Journal: Emerging Microbes & Infections

DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2555720

Summary#

This paper identifies wildlife bat hosts of Nipah virus by conducting monthly serological surveillance across Luzon, Philippines and finds a 13.92% NiV seroprevalence in native flying foxes.

Major bat-borne zoonotic viral epidemics in Asia and Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Shahneaz Ali Khan, Abu Zubayer Tanzin, Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz, Md Mazharul Islam, Ariful Islam, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan

Year: 2024

Journal: Journal not specified in the text

DOI: 10.1002/vms3.835

Summary#

This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis analyzing data on bat-originated viral zoonotic diseases in Asia and Africa, focusing on their respiratory cellular tropism, susceptibility, and overall likelihood of causing pandemics.

Key Findings#

The pooled estimates of case fatality rates of bat-originated viral zoonotic diseases were higher in Africa (61.06%, 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2 % = 97.3, p < 0.001).
Estimates of case fatality rates were higher in Ebola (61.06%; 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2 % = 97.3, p < 0.001) followed by Nipah (55.19%; 95%CI: 39.29 to 71.09, l2 % = 94.2, p < 0.001), MERS (18.49%; 95%CI: 8.19 to 28.76, l2 % = 95.4, p < 0.001) and SARS (10.86%; 95%CI: 6.02 to 15.71, l2 % = 85.7, p < 0.001) with the overall case fatality rates of 29.86 (95%CI: 29.97 to 48.58, l2 % = 99.0, p < 0.001).
Bat-originated viruses have caused several outbreaks of deadly diseases, including Nipah, Ebola, SARS and MERS in Asia and Africa.

Methodology#

Study Type: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sample Size: Data analyzed from multiple studies
Geographic Focus: Asia and Africa
Time Period: Not specified in the text

Topics#

Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical

Letter to editor: Serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat population of southern part of India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Not specified in text

Year: 2022

Journal: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Summary#

A study conducted serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat populations across southern India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Puducherry, and Odisha) between January and November 2019. The survey found that 20% of Pteropus medius bats tested positive for anti-Nipah IgG antibodies but no virus was detected.

Key Findings#

20% of Pteropus medius bats tested positive for anti-Nipah IgG antibodies
No Nipah virus was detected in any bat specimen

Methodology#

Study Type: Surveillance study
Sample Size: 573 throat/rectal swabs and 255 sera of Pteropus medius bats
Geographic Focus: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Puducherry, and Odisha in Southern India
Time Period: January-November 2019

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Letter to editor: Serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat population of southern part of India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Not specified in the provided text

Year: 2022

Journal: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

DOI: Not specified in the provided text

PMID: Not specified in the provided text

Summary#

This paper reports a serosurvey for Nipah virus among bat populations in southern India, which detected anti-Nipah IgG antibodies in 20% of Pteropus medius bats.

Key Findings#

20% of Pteropus medius bats captured from Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry demonstrated presence of anti-Nipah IgG antibodies
Presence of Nipah virus couldn’t be detected in any bat specimen

Methodology#

Study Type: Serosurvey
Sample Size: 573 bat swabs and 255 Pteropus medius bats sera
Geographic Focus: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Puducherry, and Odisha in southern India
Time Period: January-November 2019

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Hongzhao Li, Ji-Young V. Kim, Bradley S. Pickering

Year: 2023

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085

Summary#

This paper reviews the outbreaks, animal hosts, and potential new emergence of Henipavirus zoonotic pathogens (Hendra virus and Nipah virus) causing severe neurological and respiratory disease.

Key Findings#

HeV has caused sporadic infections in horses and a small number of human cases in Australia since 1994.
NiV Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) was responsible for the 1998–1999 epizootic outbreak in pigs with spillover to humans in Malaysia and Singapore.
Since 2001, the NiV Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B) has been the predominant strain leading to outbreaks almost every year in Bangladesh and India, with hundreds of infections in humans.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India
Time Period: 1994-Present

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology

Surveillance of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius of Kerala state, India, 2023

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: R. Balasubramanian, Sreelekshmy Mohandas, Ullas P. Thankappan, Anita Shete, Dilip Patil, Kannan Sabarinath, Basavaraj Mathapati, Rima Sahay, Deepak Patil, Pragya D. Yadav

Year: 2024

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342170

Summary#

This paper reports a cross-sectional study on the Pteropus medius bat population in Kerala, India, to determine Nipah virus (NiV) presence through testing throat swabs, rectal swabs, organ samples, and serum samples. The research found an overall seroprevalence of 20.9% in 272 bats tested, with 4 out of 44 bats testing positive for NiV in their liver/spleen samples.

Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Diego Cantoni, Martin Mayora-Neto, Mariliza Derveni, Kelly Da Costa, Joanne Del Rosario, Veronica O. Ameh, Claude T. Sabeta, Bethany Auld, Arran Hamlet, Ian M. Jones, Edward Wright, Simon D. Scott, Efstathios S. Giotis, Ashley C. Banyard, Nigel Temperton

Year: 2023

Journal: Front. Public Health

DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283113

Summary#

This paper presents serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats, implying potential risks associated with bushmeat consumption in Nigeria.

Impact of Plantation Induced Forest Degradation on the Outbreak of Emerging Infectious Diseases—Wayanad District, Kerala, India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Kakoli Saha, *, Debjani Ghatak, Nair Shruti S. Muralee

Year: 2022

Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127036

Summary#

This research investigates the impact of forest degradation on infectious disease outbreaks in Wayanad district, Kerala, India. The study analyzed land use and land cover change from 1950 to 2018, and employed GIS tools, remote sensing data, extensive field work, and disease data to discover the relationship between LULCC and disease outbreak.

Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Hui-Ju Han, Hong-ling Wen, Chuan-Min Zhou, Fang-Fang Chen, Li-Mei Luo, Jian-wei Liu, Xue-Jie Yu

Year: 2015

Journal: Virus Research

Summary#

This paper discusses how bats are reservoirs for several severe emerging infectious diseases, including Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus, MERS coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Hendra virus.

Key Findings#

Bats have special features that allow them to transmit and maintain viruses.
Bats can spill over viruses to intermediate animal hosts, causing human infection.
Humans can also become infected with viruses by aerosol or direct contact with bats.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Bats

Discovery and genetic characterization of novel paramyxoviruses from small mammals in Hubei Province, Central China

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jia-le Xu, *, Jin-tao Chen, *, Bing Hu, *, Wei-wei Guo, *, Jing-jing Guo, Chao-rui Xiong, Ling-xin Qin, Xin-nai Yu, Xiao-min Chen, Kun Cai, Yi-rong Li, *, Man-qing Liu, *, Liang-jun Chen, *, Wei Hou, *

Year: 2024

Journal: Microbial Genomics

DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001229

Summary#

Researchers discovered and characterized novel paramyxoviruses in small mammals from Hubei Province, Central China. Most of these viruses belong to the genus Jeilongvirus.

Key Findings#

190 paramyxovirus sequences were obtained from 969 small mammals
Viruses were classified into four clades: genera Jeilongvirus, Morbillivirus, Henipavirus and Narmovirus
Six near-full-length genomes with different genomic organizations were recovered
Co-divergence analysis showed host-switching occurred frequently in the evolutionary histories of the genus Jeilongvirus

Methodology#

Study Type: Hemi-nested reverse transcription PCR study
Sample Size: 969 small mammals
Geographic Focus: Hubei Province, Central China

Topics#

Paramyxoviruses, Wildlife, Zoonotic diseases, Genome content, Evolution

Metagenomic Snapshots of Viral Components in Guinean Bats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Roberto J. Hermida Lorenzo, Dániel Cadar, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Javier Juste, Alexandra Bialonski, Heike Baum, Juan Luis García-Mudarra, Henry Hakamaki, András Bencsik, Emily V. Nelson, Miles W. Carroll, N’Faly Magassouba, Stephan Günther, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, César Muñoz Fontela, Beatriz Escudero-Pérez

Year: 2021

Journal: Microorganisms

DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030599

Summary#

This paper applies unbiased metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to decipher the virosphere of bat species in Guinea, with a focus on understanding the origins of zoonotic infectious diseases including Nipah virus.

Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans in Thailand

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Aingorn Chaiyes, Prateep Duengkae, Warong Suksavate, Nantachai Pongpattananurak, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Kevin J. Olival, Kornsorn Srikulnath, Sura Pattanakiat, Thiravat Hemachudha

Year: 2022

Journal: Ecohealth

DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01588-6

Summary#

This paper constructs risk maps for Nipah virus (NiV) spillover and transmission in Thailand by combining ecological niche models for the bat reservoir with spatial data related to NiV transmission sources. The study predicts that due to climate change, the range of Lyle’s flying fox, a significant host of NiV in mainland Southeast Asia, is predicted to expand.

Dexamethasone treatment does not alter mortality but reduces pulmonary pathology in Nipah virus-infected Syrian hamsters

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Kerry Goldina, Bridget Brackney, Tessa Lutterman, Brandi N. Williamson, Manmeet Singh, Christopher Winsk, Kathleen Cordova, Meaghan Flagg, Emmie de Wit

Year: 2025

Journal: Antiviral Res

DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106263

Summary#

The study investigates the effect of dexamethasone on Nipah virus-infected Syrian hamsters, finding that while it reduces pulmonary pathology, it does not increase survival.

Key Findings#

Dexamethasone treatment produces hematologic changes in uninfected animals in a dose-dependent manner.
In NiV-infected animals, the anti-inflammatory dose of dexamethasone reduces pulmonary pathology, while the immunosuppressive dose has no effect.
The anti-inflammatory dose does not increase virus replication in tissues or virus shedding from the respiratory tract.
Despite reduced lung pathology, dexamethasone treatment does not increase survival after NiV challenge.

Methodology#

Study Type: Experimental Study
Sample Size: Syrian Hamsters
Geographic Focus: Hamilton, MT, United States of America

Topics#

Virology, Treatment, Hamster Model

Evidence for Nipah virus recrudescence and serological patterns of captive Pteropus vampyrus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: A. R. SOHAYATI, L. HASSAN, *, S. H. SHARIFAH, K. LAZARUS, C. M. ZAINI, J. H. EPSTEIN, N. SHAMSYUL NAIM, H. E. FIELD, S. S. ARSHAD, J. ABDUL AZIZ, P. DASZAK, *

Year: 2011

Journal: Epidemiol Infect

DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811000550

Summary#

This study aimed to describe the transmission dynamics and serological patterns of Nipah virus in Pteropus vampyrus bats over a 1-year period. The findings suggest that NiV circulates in wild bat populations, antibody could be maintained for long periods, maternal antibodies against NiV are transmitted passively, and NiV was isolated from the urine of one bat.

An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, Roberto Nardini, Muhammad Safdar, Awad A. Shehata, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte

Year: 2022

Journal: Pathogens

DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111376

Summary#

This paper reviews how human activities like deforestation, wildlife contact, pollution, and disorderly agricultural practices contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy, Ecology

Relevance#

This paper sheds light on the human activities that drive zoonotic diseases, which is crucial for understanding and addressing the Nipah virus outbreak.

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Jonathan H. Epstein, Simon J. Anthony, Ariful Islam, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Maria D. Balkey, Noam Ross, Ina Smith, Carlos Zambrana-Torreli, Yun Tao, Ausraful Islam, Phenix Lan Quan, Kevin J. Olival, M. Salah Uddin Khan, Emily S. Gurley, M. Jahangir Hosseini, Hume E. Field, Mark D. Fielder, Thomas Briese, Mahmudur Rahman, Christopher C. Broder, Gary Cramer, Lin-Fa Wang, Stephen P. Lyuby, W. Ian Lipkin, Peter Daszak

Year: 2020

Nipah Virus in the Fruit Bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Indrawati Sendow, Atik Ratnawati, Trevor Taylor, R. M. Abdul Adjid, Muharam Saepulloh, Jennifer Barr, Frank Wong, Peter Daniels, Hume Field

Year: 2013

Journal: PLoS ONE

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069544

Summary#

This paper reports the detection of Nipah virus genome in Pteropus vampyrus fruit bats in Sumatera, Indonesia using real time PCR.

Key Findings#

First report of Nipah virus detection in P. vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

Methodology#

Study Type: Lab Study
Geographic Focus: Sumatera, Indonesia

Topics#

Virology, Epidemiology

Flying-Fox Species Density - A Spatial Risk Factor for Hendra Virus Infection in Horses in Eastern Australia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Craig Smith, Chris Skelly, Nina Kung, Billie Roberts, Hume Field

Year: 2014

Journal: PLoS ONE

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099965

Summary#

This paper investigates the relationship between flying-fox species density and reported Hendra virus infection in horses in Eastern Australia, identifying P. alecto and P. conspicillatus as likely sources of infection.

Key Findings#

Significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, suggesting flying-fox roosts as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering
Multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales
The density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus having the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations

Methodology#

Study Type: Study type not explicitly stated, but appears to be an observational study
Geographic Focus: Eastern Australia
Time Period: February 28, 2014 to June 17, 2014

Topics#

Virulogy, Epidemiology

Infectome analysis of bat kidneys from Yunnan province, China, reveals novel henipaviruses related to Hendra and Nipah viruses and prevalent bacterial and eukaryotic microbes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Guopeng Kuang, Tian Yang, Weihong Yang, Jing Wang, Hong Pan, Yuanfei Pan, Qin-yu Gou, Wei-chen Wu, Juan Wang, Lifeng Yang, Xi Han, Yao-qing Chen, John-Sebastian Eden, Edward C. Holmes, Mang Shi, Yun Feng

Year: 2025

Journal: PLoS Pathog

DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013235

Summary#

This paper analyzes the infectome (collection of viral, bacterial and eukaryotic microorganisms) in bat kidneys from Yunnan province, China and finds novel henipaviruses related to Hendra and Nipah viruses.

The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Clifton D. McKee, Ausraful Islam, Stephen P. Luby, Henrik Salje, Peter J. Hudson, Raina K. Plowright, Emily S. Gurley

Year: 2021

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v13020169

Summary#

The paper investigates the factors driving Nipah virus spillover in Bangladesh by analyzing the relationship between spillover events and climatic conditions, bat roost sizes, and land-use change over the last 300 years. It finds that winter temperature explains 53% of annual winter spillovers and suggests a shift in bat roosting behavior promoting viral spillover.

Climate Anomalies and Spillover of Bat-Borne Viral Diseases in the Asia–Pacific Region and the Arabian Peninsula

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Alice Latinne, Serge Morand

Year: 2022

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v14051100

Summary#

The paper investigates the potential association between climate factors and anomalies, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and land surface temperature anomalies, and the emergence and spillover events of bat-borne viral diseases in humans and livestock in the Asia–Pacific region and the Arabian Peninsula.

Key Findings#

The spillover patterns of the Nipah virus in Bangladesh and the Hendra virus in Australia were differently impacted by climate variability and with different time lags.
The emergence events of most bat-borne viral diseases in the Asia–Pacific region and the Arabian Peninsula were statistically associated with ENSO climate anomalies.
Spillover patterns of the Nipah virus in Bangladesh and the Hendra virus in Australia were also significantly associated with these events.

Methodology#

Study Type: Time series analysis, logistic regression models, structural equation modelling
Geographic Focus: [‘Asia–Pacific Region’, ‘Arabian Peninsula’]

Topics#

Bat-borne virus, Spillover, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Climate change, El Niño Southern Oscillation

Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, Alexandre Lalande, Cyrille Mathieu, Philip Lawrence

Year: 2023

Journal: Humans. Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v15030599

Summary#

This paper reviews key host-pathogen interactions influencing zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a focus on the Nipah virus and Ebola virus.

Key Findings#

Key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, virulence, and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen, and the capacity to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment.
The review highlights an emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a ‘flytrap’-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis for future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Virology, Policy

Recently Emerged Novel Henipa-like Viruses: Shining a Spotlight on the Shrew

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Sarah Caruso, Sarah J. Edwards

Year: 2023

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v15122407

Summary#

This review focuses on the recent detection of novel unclassified henipaviruses with a strong emphasis on the shrew and its emerging role as a key host.

Key Findings#

Henipaviruses are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses with an ability to infect a range of species
HeV and NiV can cause severe respiratory illness, neurological disease, febrile illness, and high fatality in animals and humans
Recent emergence of novel henipa-like viruses outside the geographic distribution of Pteropid fruit bats suggests that they are not the sole reservoir for henipaviruses

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Henipavirus, Paramyxovirus, Pteropid Bat, Shrew, Zoonotic

Epidemiology and Emerging Trends of Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Pigs in India

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Swaraj Rajkhowa, Joyshikh Sonowal, Seema Rani Pegu, Rajib Deb, Vivek Kumar Gupta

Year: 2025

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v17030381

Summary#

This paper highlights the epidemiology and emerging trends of zoonotic viral diseases in pigs in India, focusing on key viruses like Japanese encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, swine influenza, and others.

Key Findings#

Pigs serve as critical reservoirs for numerous zoonotic viral diseases
Japanese encephalitis virus persists as a major concern with pigs acting as amplifying host
Hepatitis E virus remains a prominent cause of viral hepatitis in India
Emerging high-fatality viral zoonoses caused by Nipah virus and swine influenza virus demonstrate an evolving zoonotic landscape
Rotavirus, pseudorabies (ADV or SuHV-1), porcine astrovirus (PAstV), Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) reflect the expanding diversity of pig-associated pathogens in India

Methodology#

Study Type: Review
Geographic Focus: India

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology, Policy

Discovery of a Novel Parahenipavirus, Parahenipavirus_GH, in Shrews in South Korea, 2022

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Gyuri Sim, Chi-Hwan Choi, Minji Lee, Hak Seon Lee, Seong Yoon Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Hee Il Lee, Yoon-Seok Chung

Year: 2025

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v17060867

Summary#

A novel Parahenipavirus, Parahenipavirus_GH, was discovered in shrews in South Korea, expanding the known geographical distribution range of parahenipaviruses.

Key Findings#

75 out of 285 individuals tested positive for Henipavirus or Parahenipavirus
The highest viral loads were found in Apodemus agrarius, Crocidura lasiura, and Crocidura shantungensis
A novel Parahenipavirus, Parahenipavirus_GH, was identified with distinct genomic features
Ixodes granulatus ticks were identified on the host shrew

Methodology#

Study Type: Observational Study
Sample Size: 285 rodents and shrews
Geographic Focus: South Korea

Topics#

Virology, Epidemiology

Laboratory Diagnosis of Hendra and Nipah: Two Emerging Zoonotic Diseases with One Health Significance

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Authors: Shaun van den Hurk, Aurelle Yondo, Binu T. Velayudhan

Year: 2025

Journal: Viruses

DOI: 10.3390/v17071003

Summary#

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and pathogenesis of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), discussing molecular and serological diagnostic tools for their identification.

Key Findings#

The paper discusses RT-PCR, ELISA, and LAMP assays for diagnosing HeV and NiV.
Diagnostics are crucial for rapid identification of cases and disease surveillance.
Emphasis is placed on diagnostics suitable for low-income areas.
Further development of diagnostic assays, including isothermal amplification tests and other next-generation approaches, is recommended.

Methodology#

Study Type: Review

Topics#

Epidemiology, Clinical, Virology