Virology and Pathogenesis

Subtopics

Genome Structure of Nipah Virus

Describes the genomic organization and structural components of the virus.

Virus Entry Mechanisms

Explains how the virus attaches to and enters host cells.

Host Immune Response

Summarizes immune system interactions and host defense mechanisms.

Pathogenesis of Encephalitis

Explores mechanisms leading to neurological involvement and brain inflammation.

Viral Evolution and Mutations

Examines genetic variation and evolutionary patterns.

Animal Models of Infection

Reviews experimental models used to study disease progression and treatment.

Virulence Determinants

Identifies viral and host factors influencing disease severity.

Virology and Pathogenesis

Improving clinical care of patients in Nipah outbreaks: moving beyond ‘compassionate use’

2024 - The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

This paper discusses strategies to improve the clinical care for patients in Nipah outbreaks, focusing on enhancing early case detection, optimizing supportive care, adopting a syndromic approach, and exploring innovative trial designs. The goal is to better equip healthcare systems in Nipah-endemic regions to manage current and future outbreaks.

A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern

2022 - Annals of Medicine and Surgery

This paper discusses the recent re-emergence of Nipah virus (NiV) in India's Kozhikode district, causing the death of a 12-year-old boy. The authors aim to suggest recommendations to contain and mitigate the severe impact of the virus on affected populations.

Addressing the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks: A call for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness

2023 - New Microbes and New Infections

This paper calls for vigilance, collaboration, and preparedness to address the recurrent Nipah Virus outbreaks in Kerala, India.

Navigating Nipah virus: Insights, challenges, and recommendations

2025 - New Microbes and New Infections

This paper discusses the challenges posed by Nipah virus, a zoonotic pathogen, focusing on its diverse strains, recurrent outbreaks, diagnostic limitations, and the need for therapeutic advancements.

Emerging threat: Nipah virus - A call for global preparedness and vigilance

2024 - New Microbes and New Infections

The paper discusses the emergence of Nipah virus as a global public health threat, with recent outbreaks in Bangladesh raising concerns. There is currently no specific therapeutic intervention for infected individuals.

Infectious disease and economics: The case for considering multi-sectoral impacts

2019 - One Health

This paper argues for considering the wider socioeconomic consequences of infectious disease events beyond traditional public health sectors.

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Designing potential siRNA molecules for silencing the gene of the nucleocapsid protein of Nipah virus: A computational investigation

2022 - Infection, Genetics and Evolution

This paper designs potential siRNA molecules to silence the gene of the nucleocapsid protein of Nipah virus, aiming to combat the virus due to its crucial role in viral replication.

In silico prediction of interaction between Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein and host cell receptors Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3 in domestic and peridomestic mammals

2023 - Infection, Genetics and Evolution

This paper investigates the binding affinity of Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein to host cell receptors Ephrin-B2 and Ephrin-B3 in domestic and peridomestic mammals commonly found in Bangladesh.

Fruit bats as natural reservoir of highly pathogenic henipaviruses: balance between antiviral defense and viral tolerance

2022 - Current Opinion in Virology

This paper reviews the mechanisms that allow fruit bats to control Henipavirus infection while avoiding uncontrollable virus expansion and immunopathology.

Full genome sequence of Nipah virus from an outbreak in India

2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases

This paper describes a full genome sequence of Nipah virus from an outbreak in India that caused encephalitis or respiratory symptoms and resulted in five deaths.

An Immunoinformatics Prediction of Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccines Candidate Against Surface Antigens of Nipah Virus

2024 - International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics

This paper aims to predict a dual-antigen multi-epitope subunit chimeric vaccine against surface-glycoproteins G and F of Nipah Virus using immunoinformatics analyses.

Characterization of Nipah Virus from Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010

2018 - Emerging Infectious Diseases

This paper characterizes the complete genomic sequences of Nipah Virus isolates from two patients in Bangladesh in 2008 and partial sequences from three patients in 2010. The sequences were found to be distinct, indicating multiple co-circulating lineages in a localized region over a short time.

A Novel Model of Lethal Hendra Virus Infection in African Green Monkeys and the Effectiveness of Ribavirin Treatment

2010 - Journal of Virology

This paper introduces a new disease model of acute Hendra Virus infection in African green monkeys and evaluates the effectiveness of Ribavirin treatment.

Molecular Pathogenesis of Nipah Virus

2023 - Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

This paper reviews Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic disease causing encephalitis and severe respiratory illness in humans, primarily carried by Pteropus spp. bats. It discusses the need for clinical trials to establish potential treatment regimens.

Glycoprotein attachment with host cell surface receptor ephrin B2 and B3 in mediating entry of nipah and hendra virus: a computational investigation

2022 - J. Chem. Sci.

This paper investigates the molecular mechanism of interaction between Nipah and Hendra virus glycoproteins and human ephrin-B2 and B3 cell surface proteins using computational methods.

Reproducible generation of Nipah virus pseudovirions with uniform incorporation of F and G surface glycoproteins for high-throughput neutralization assays

2025 - BMC Microbiology

The paper describes the development of a system to generate Nipah virus pseudovirions with uniform incorporation of F and G surface glycoproteins for high-throughput neutralization assays.

Superspreading, overdispersion and their implications in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

2023 - BMC Public Health

This paper explores the phenomenon of superspreading events in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic through a systematic review and meta-analysis. It found that a majority of studies reported lower than one for the dispersion parameter k, indicating significant heterogeneity in inter-individual transmission potential.

Molecular characterization of Nipah virus from Pteropus hypomelanus in Southern Thailand

2016 - Virology Journal

This study identified Nipah virus strain using molecular characterizations from Pteropus hypomelanus in southern Thailand.

Nipah Virus Sequences from Humans and Bats during Nipah Outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018

2018 - Emerging Infectious Diseases

This paper retrieves Nipah virus sequences from human and bat samples during a 2018 outbreak in Kerala, India, demonstrating the similarity of the virus from humans to that of bats, indicating bats as the source of the outbreak.

High Pathogenicity of Nipah Virus from Pteropus lylei Fruit Bats, Cambodia

2019 - Emerging Infectious Diseases

The paper characterizes a Nipah virus (NiV) isolate from Cambodia in 2003, revealing similar cell permissiveness and replication in both bat and human cell lines. The virus has high pathogenic potential and may provide insight for future NiV outbreaks in Southeast Asia.

Genetic Diversity and Geographic Spread of Henipaviruses

2024 - Emerging Infectious Diseases

This paper analyzes the genetic diversity and geographic spread of Henipaviruses, including Hendra and Nipah viruses, using data from National Center for Biotechnology Information Virus and VIRION databases. The study found that bats and shrews are dominant hosts, with key henipavirus hosts in Asia, Australia, and Africa.

Nipah virus: pathogenesis, genome, diagnosis, and treatment

2025 - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

This paper is a detailed review on Nipah virus, covering its origin and spread, modes of transmission, risk factors, genome, key proteins, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics, and ongoing research for therapies.

Revolutionizing Nipah virus vaccinology: insights into subunit vaccine development strategies and immunological advances

2024 - In Silico Pharmacology

The paper aims to develop a subunit vaccine against the Nipah virus (NiV) by analyzing its proteome and predicting T-cell, helper T-cell, and B-cell epitopes using various servers. The predicted high-affinity epitopes were evaluated for antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity, and molecular interactions with specific receptors were analyzed.

An Immunoinformatic-Based In Silico Identification on the Creation of a Multiepitope-Based Vaccination Against the Nipah Virus

2024 - BioMed Research International

This paper describes an in silico study that identifies epitopes from the conserved region of NiV proteins and constructs a multiepitope-based vaccine candidate. The final vaccine candidate has a total combined coverage range of 80.53%.

Neurological pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and pandemic potential RNA viruses: a comparative analysis

2024 - Not specified in text

This review paper discusses the abilities of SARS-CoV-2 and other neurotropic RNA viruses, including Zika virus and Nipah virus, to cross the blood–brain barrier into the central nervous system. It highlights the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing presence and severity of brain structural changes in COVID-19 patients and presents new insight into key mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants that may impact on neuropilin 1 binding and CNS invasion.

A comparative genomic approach to decipher the mutations associated with Nipah viral human isolates from southeast Asia

2024 - Volume 16 Number 1 (February 2024) 104-113

This paper uses a comparative genomic approach to identify mutations in Nipah virus (NiV) human isolates from Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India.

Development of Nipah virus-specific IgM & IgG ELISA for screening human serum samples

2024 - Indian J Med Res

The paper develops and evaluates IgM and IgG ELISAs for detecting Nipah virus antibodies in human sera, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity.

Genomic characterization, transcriptome analysis, and pathogenicity of the Nipah virus (Indian isolate)

2023 - VIRULENCE

This paper analyzes the genomic characterization, transcriptome, and pathogenicity of a Nipah virus (Indian isolate) using Vero (ATCC® CCL−81™) and BHK−21 cells in a Syrian hamster model.

Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor-binding protein

2025 - Cell

The paper provides insights into the functional and antigenic properties of the Nipah virus receptor-binding protein (RBP) through deep mutational scanning, which helps understand viral evolution and design therapeutics.

Genetic diversity of Nipah virus in Bangladesh

2021 - International Journal of Infectious Diseases

This study aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology and evolution of Nipah virus in Bangladesh.

Paramyxoviruses in rodents: A review

2022 - Open Veterinary Journal

This review discusses various paramyxoviruses found in rodents, their distribution, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and control measures.

Pathogenicity and virulence of henipaviruses

2023 - VIRULENCE

This paper reviews the pathogenesis, replication cycle, epidemiology, genomics, and host responses of henipaviruses, including Nipah (NiV), Hendra (HeV), Langya (LayV), Gamak (GAKV), and CedV.

Streamlined detection of Nipah virus antibodies using a split NanoLuc biosensor

2024 - Emerging Microbes & Infections

Researchers developed and validated a split NanoLuc luciferase NiV glycoprotein (G) biosensor for detecting antibodies in clinical and animal samples. The assay was tested using the WHO’s first international standard for anti-NiV antibodies and more than 700 serum samples from Bangladesh, showing sensitivity and specificity comparable to anti-NiV IgG ELISA performance.

A Novel DNAzyme-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for Detection of RNA-Containing Nipah Henipavirus

2023 - Biosensors

This paper describes the development of a fluorescent biosensor for detecting Nipah virus RNA using DNAzyme 10–23.

Emerging paradigms of viral diseases and paramount role of natural resources as antiviral agents

2021 - Science of the Total Environment

This paper suggests that natural resources could be a future source of antiviral therapy for deadly human diseases such as Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, and Herpes simplex virus infection.

Antivirotics based on defective interfering particles: emerging concepts and challenges

2025 - Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

This paper discusses antivirotics based on defective interfering particles and their emerging concepts and challenges.

Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection

2023 - Frontiers in Immunology

This paper reviews the immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, and Nipah virus infections.

Immunological correlates of protection afforded by PHV02 live, attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector vaccine against Nipah virus disease

2023 - Front. Immunol.

This paper investigates immunological correlates of protection afforded by PHV02, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector vaccine against Nipah virus disease in the African green monkey model. Neutralizing antibody to Nipah virus is proposed as the principal mediator of protection.

The latest advancements in Sosuga virus (SOSV) research

2024 - Front. Microbiol.

This paper reviews the latest advancements in understanding Sosuga Virus (SOSV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus from bats, focusing on its pathogenesis, animal models, and antiviral strategies.

Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–vectored vaccine induces long-lasting immunity against Nipah virus disease

2024 - The Journal of Clinical Investigation

This paper reports on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–based vaccine that provides long-lasting immunity against Nipah virus disease in African green monkeys.

Nipah Virus Bangladesh Infection Elicits Organ-Specific Innate and Inflammatory Responses in the Marmoset Model

2023 - The Journal of Infectious Diseases

This paper studies the susceptibility and pathogenesis of Nipah virus Bangladesh strain (NiVB) infection in marmosets at biosafety level 4. The study reveals unique transcriptomes in different tissues from infected and control marmosets, particularly in the brainstem of a marmoset that exhibited neurological signs.

The Genetic Diversity of Nipah Virus Across Spatial Scales

2024 - The Journal of Infectious Diseases

This paper investigates the genetic diversity of Nipah virus across spatial scales using a comprehensive collection of genomes from bats and humans over 22 years in six countries.

Experimental Infection of Syrian Hamsters With Aerosolized Nipah Virus

2024 - The Journal of Infectious Diseases

This paper evaluates the infectivity and pathogenicity of aerosolized Nipah virus (NiV) in Syrian hamsters, demonstrating that they develop similar clinical manifestations to those previously described using liquid inoculum.

Evaluation of a Single-Dose Nucleoside-Modified Messenger RNA Vaccine Encoding Hendra Virus-Soluble Glycoprotein Against Lethal Nipah virus Challenge in Syrian Hamsters

2024 - The Journal of Infectious Diseases

A single-dose mRNA vaccine protected up to 70% of Syrian hamsters from lethal Nipah virus challenge, despite animals having suboptimally primed immune responses before challenge.

Highly sensitive and quantitative HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles: A platform for rapid antibody neutralization studies

2024 - Heliyon

This paper synthesizes HiBiT-tagged Nipah virus-like particles for in vitro BSL-2 handling and rapid antibody neutralization studies.

Structural and functional analysis of the Nipah virus polymerase complex

2025 - Cell

The paper determines the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Nipah virus polymerase complex and performs structural, biophysical, and functional analyses to understand features critical for RNA replication and transcription. The findings could aid in the development of antivirals.

Prophylactic protection from lethal henipavirus disease mediated by Nipah-derived defective interfering particles is influenced by challenge virus strain and viral species

2025 - eBioMedicine

The paper explores the effectiveness of defective interfering particles (DIPs) in reducing clinical signs and lethality of henipavirus infection in Syrian hamsters.

Co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and host immune response trajectories underlie COVID-19 pandemic to epidemic transition

2023 - iScience

The study investigates the differential host-immune kinetics associated with SARS-CoV-2 variants during different time periods of Pre-VOC and VOCs (Delta & Omicron). The findings suggest that Omicron infection is marked by a robust type 1 interferon response, which was largely missing during Pre-VOC and Delta waves. The study highlights the eventual adaptation of host to immune activation patterns that interrupt virus evolution with enhanced immune-evasion mutations and counteraction mechanisms.

Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge

2019 - Sci Transl Med

The paper tests the efficacy of remdesivir (GS-5734), a broad-acting antiviral nucleotide prodrug, against Nipah virus in African green monkeys. Remdesivir treatment resulted in the survival of all treated animals, while control animals succumbed to the infection.

Late remdesivir treatment initiation partially protects African green monkeys from lethal Nipah virus infection

2024 - Antiviral Res.

Late treatment with remdesivir partially protects African green monkeys from lethal Nipah virus infection, but does not prevent clinical disease or histologic lesions in the brain.

Science. 2022 March 25; 375(6587): 1373–1378.

2022 - Science

This paper determines a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Nipah virus (NiV) attachment glycoprotein (G) homotetrameric ectodomain in complex with the nAH1.3 broadly neutralizing antibody Fab fragment. The results suggest a multi-pronged therapeutic strategy against these deadly pathogens.

Hendra and Nipah Infection: Pathology, Models and Potential Therapies

2011 - Infect Disord Drug Targets

This paper reviews the unique features of henipavirus infections, and discusses different strategies and animal models that have been developed to identify and test potential drugs for preventing or treating henipavirus infections.

Ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as functional henipavirus receptors

2012 - Semin Cell Dev Biol

This paper reviews recent progress in the study of henipavirus entry, particularly the identification of ephrins as their entry receptors, and the structural characterization of the ephrin/Henipa-G interactions.

Henipavirus Receptor Usage and Tropism

2012 - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.

This paper reviews the biology of the henipavirus receptors, ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3, and how their usage relates to henipavirus cell tropism in vitro and in vivo.

Potent monoclonal antibody–mediated neutralization of a divergent Hendra virus variant

2022 - Not specified in the text

This paper studies a new variant of Hendra virus (HeV-g2) that has unprecedented genetic divergence and identifies it in horses and flying fox species in Australia. The researchers demonstrate that HeV-g2 shares a conserved receptor tropism with prototypic HeV and can be potently neutralized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the G and F glycoproteins.

A recombinant VSV-vectored vaccine rapidly protects nonhuman primates against lethal Nipah virus disease

2024 - Not specified in the text

The paper discusses a study using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine to protect nonhuman primates from lethal Nipah virus disease, with protection observed in monkeys vaccinated 7 days prior to NiV exposure and 67% of animals vaccinated 3 days before challenge.

Feline Morbillivirus: A Unique Pathogen Infecting Domestic Cats

2024 - Journal Name not provided in the text

This paper investigates a newly discovered pathogen, Feline Morbillivirus (FeMV), affecting domestic cats. The study determines the complete sequence of FeMV and reveals unique characteristics that differ from other morbilliviruses. FeMV uses a different protease to furin for processing its fusion glycoprotein and employs feline CD150 as a cellular receptor, making it distinct among morbilliviruses. The study also develops a reverse genetics system for FeMV and demonstrates that it causes an acute morbillivirus-like disease in cats.

The Nature of Exposure Drives Transmission of Nipah Viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in Ferrets

2016 - PLoS Negl Trop Dis

This paper investigates the differences in transmission of Nipah viruses between Malaysia and Bangladesh in ferrets, suggesting a contributory mechanism for increased transmission of NiV-BD compared to NiV-MY due to higher levels of virus replication in respiratory tract tissues.

Aerosol exposure to intermediate size Nipah virus particles induces neurological disease in African green monkeys

2018 - PLoS Negl Trop Dis

This paper investigates the effects of aerosol exposure to intermediate size Nipah virus particles on African green monkeys, mimicking potential human exposure, and finds that it induces neurological disease.

Nipah Virus Inhibitor Knowledgebase (NVIK): a combined evidence approach to prioritise small molecule inhibitors

2025 - Journal of Cheminformatics

This paper presents the Nipah Virus Inhibitor Knowledgebase (NVIK), a resource for NiV drug discovery containing manually curated NVIs with IC50/EC50 values in the nanomolar range. The authors prioritised top 10 NVIs based on robustness of assays, physicochemical properties and their toxicity profiles.

Development of a culture-independent whole-genome sequencing of Nipah virus using the MinION Oxford Nanopore platform

2024 - Microbial Genetics | Methods and Protocols

This study developed a culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing protocol for Nipah virus using the Oxford Nanopore Technology platform, suitable for resource-limited settings.

Pathogenic Differences between Nipah Virus Bangladesh and Malaysia Strains in Primates: Implications for Antibody Therapy

2016 - Scientific Reports

This paper investigates the pathogenic differences between two strains of Nipah virus (NiV), Malaysia (NiVM) and Bangladesh (NiVB), by exposing African green monkeys to each strain. The findings suggest that NiVB is more pathogenic, with a higher mortality rate and more severe histopathology in infected animals compared to NiVM.

Super-spreaders of novel coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19: a systematic review

2023 - Annals of Epidemiology

The study reviews research on individuals who have transmitted pathogens causing SARS, MERS, or COVID-19 to at least nine other people. It found that the most typical super-spreader is a male age 40+, with SARS and MERS super-spreaders often symptomatic and middle-aged/older adults who had a high mortality rate. In contrast, COVID-19 super-spreaders tended to have mild disease and were any adult age.

Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations

2021 - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review

This paper reviews the evolution of Nipah virus infection, its epidemiology, microbiology, and the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development.

Vertical Transfer of Humoral Immunity against Nipah Virus: A Novel Evidence from Bangladesh

2023 - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

This paper describes the first confirmed case of vertical transfer of humoral immunity against Nipah virus from a mother to her newborn in Bangladesh.

Inference of Nipah virus evolution, 1999–2015

2021 - Virus Evolution

Researchers generated 35 additional full-length genomic sequences of Nipah virus directly from human specimens and viral isolates in Bangladesh to study its temporal and geographic evolution. They observed two distinct clades that intermingled over time and space, but did not find significant branch or site-specific selection except for a single site in the Henipavirus L polymerase.

From Protein to Pandemic: The Transdisciplinary Approach Needed to Prevent Spillover and the Next Pandemic

2021 - Viruses

This paper discusses the need for a transdisciplinary approach to prevent the spillover of henipaviruses, a group of viruses derived from bats that frequently cross species barriers and can cause high human mortality.

Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models

2022 - Viruses

This review provides an overview of the pathogenicity mechanisms and interactions between Henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra) and their hosts in various species including bats, pigs, horses, humans, and experimental animal models. The findings could aid in developing new therapeutic strategies against these re-emerging viruses.

Inactivation Methods for Experimental Nipah Virus Infection

2022 - Viruses

The paper evaluates the efficacy of various physical and chemical inactivation methods for Nipah virus (NiV) in infected cells, supernatants, and organs.

Nipah Virus Infection Generates Ordered Structures in Cellulo

2022 - Viruses

This paper describes the formation of ordered intracellular structures during Nipah virus infection.

First Genomic Evidence of a Henipa-like Virus in Brazil

2022 - Viruses

This paper reports the discovery of a novel henipa-like virus from opossums in a forest fragment area in Brazil, emphasizing the importance of further studies to characterize this virus and clarify its ecology, impact on public health, and its relationship with didelphid marsupials and henipaviruses.

Animal Models for Henipavirus Research

2023 - Viruses

This paper reviews various animal models used for studying Henipavirus (Hendra virus and Nipah virus) pathogenesis and medical countermeasures.

Structural Studies of Henipavirus Glycoproteins

2024 - Viruses

This paper reviews the available structural information on Henipavirus glycoproteins, which are important for understanding viral entry and developing vaccines and therapies.

Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases

2015 - Virus Research

This paper discusses how bats are reservoirs for several severe emerging infectious diseases, including Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus, MERS coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Hendra virus.